Granger clive w j (202 resultados)

Idioma: Inglés
Editorial: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 1989
Serie: Libro 10 de 31 - ECONOMIC THEORY, ECONOMETRICS, AND MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS
- Tapa dura
Librería: World of Books (was SecondSale), Montgomery, IL, Estados Unidos de AmericaWorld of Books (was SecondSale)
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Aceptable
EUR 4,59
Gastos de envío gratisSe envía dentro de Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
Condición: Good. Item in good condition. Textbooks may not include supplemental items i.e. CDs, access codes etc.

Idioma: Inglés
Editorial: Emerald Publishing Limited, 1989
Serie: Libro 10 de 31 - ECONOMIC THEORY, ECONOMETRICS, AND MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS
- Tapa dura
Librería: -OnTimeBooks-, Phoenix, AZ, Estados Unidos de America-OnTimeBooks-
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Aceptable
EUR 6,29
Gastos de envío gratisSe envía dentro de Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
Condición: good. A copy that has been read, remains in good condition. All pages are intact, and the cover is intact. The spine and cover show signs of wear. Pages can include notes and highlighting and show signs of wear, and the copy can include "From the library of" labels or previous owner inscriptions. 100% GUARANTEE! Shipped with delivery confirmation, if you're not satisfied with purchase please return item! Ships via media mail.…

Idioma: Inglés
Editorial: Emerald Publishing Limited, 1989
Serie: Libro 10 de 31 - ECONOMIC THEORY, ECONOMETRICS, AND MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS
- Tapa dura
Librería: Better World Books: West, Reno, NV, Estados Unidos de AmericaBetter World Books: West
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Excelente
EUR 6,75
Gastos de envío gratisSe envía dentro de Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
Condición: Fine. 2nd. Used book that is in almost brand-new condition. May contain a remainder mark. Better World Books: Buy Books. Do Good.

Idioma: Inglés
Editorial: Emerald Publishing Limited, 1989
Serie: Libro 10 de 31 - ECONOMIC THEORY, ECONOMETRICS, AND MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS
- Tapa dura
Librería: Better World Books, Mishawaka, IN, Estados Unidos de AmericaBetter World Books
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Bueno
EUR 6,75
Gastos de envío gratisSe envía dentro de Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Condición: Very Good. 2nd. Pages intact with possible writing/highlighting. Binding strong with minor wear. Dust jackets/supplements may not be included. Stock photo provided. Product includes identifying sticker. Better World Books: Buy Books. Do Good.

Idioma: Inglés
Editorial: Emerald Publishing Limited, 1989
Serie: Libro 10 de 31 - ECONOMIC THEORY, ECONOMETRICS, AND MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS
- Tapa dura
Librería: Better World Books, Mishawaka, IN, Estados Unidos de AmericaBetter World Books
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Aceptable
EUR 6,75
Gastos de envío gratisSe envía dentro de Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
Condición: Good. 2nd. Former library copy. Pages intact with minimal writing/highlighting. The binding may be loose and creased. Dust jackets/supplements are not included. Includes library markings. Stock photo provided. Product includes identifying sticker. Better World Books: Buy Books. Do Good.

Idioma: Inglés
Editorial: Emerald Publishing Limited, 1989
Serie: Libro 10 de 31 - ECONOMIC THEORY, ECONOMETRICS, AND MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS
- Tapa dura
Librería: HPB-Red, Dallas, TX, Estados Unidos de AmericaHPB-Red
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Bueno
EUR 3,34
Envío por EUR 3,35Se envía dentro de Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
hardcover. Condición: Very Good. Connecting readers with great books since 1972! Used textbooks may not include companion materials such as access codes, etc. May have some wear or limited writing/highlighting. We ship orders daily and Customer Service is our top priority.

Idioma: Inglés
Editorial: Academic Press, 1989
Serie: Libro 10 de 31 - ECONOMIC THEORY, ECONOMETRICS, AND MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS
- Tapa dura
Librería: ThriftBooks-Atlanta, AUSTELL, GA, Estados Unidos de AmericaThriftBooks-Atlanta
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Bueno
EUR 8,71
Gastos de envío gratisSe envía dentro de Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
Hardcover. Condición: Very Good. No Jacket. May have limited writing in cover pages. Pages are unmarked. ~ ThriftBooks: Read More, Spend Less.

Idioma: Inglés
Editorial: Emerald Publishing Limited, 1986
Serie: Libro 10 de 31 - ECONOMIC THEORY, ECONOMETRICS, AND MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS
- Tapa blanda
Librería: -OnTimeBooks-, Phoenix, AZ, Estados Unidos de America-OnTimeBooks-
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Aceptable
EUR 10,74
Gastos de envío gratisSe envía dentro de Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
Condición: good. A copy that has been read, remains in good condition. All pages are intact, and the cover is intact. The spine and cover show signs of wear. Pages can include notes and highlighting and show signs of wear, and the copy can include "From the library of" labels or previous owner inscriptions. 100% GUARANTEE! Shipped with delivery confirmation, if you're not satisfied with purchase please return item! Ships via media mail.…

Idioma: Inglés
Editorial: Emerald Publishing Limited, 1986
Serie: Libro 10 de 31 - ECONOMIC THEORY, ECONOMETRICS, AND MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS
- Tapa blanda
Librería: Wonder Book, Frederick, MD, Estados Unidos de AmericaWonder Book
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Bueno
EUR 11,89
Gastos de envío gratisSe envía dentro de Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
Condición: Very Good. Very Good condition. 2nd edition. A copy that may have a few cosmetic defects. May also contain light spine creasing or a few markings such as an owner's name, short gifter's inscription or light stamp.

Idioma: Inglés
Editorial: Academic Press Inc, 1989
Serie: Libro 10 de 31 - ECONOMIC THEORY, ECONOMETRICS, AND MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS
- Tapa dura
Librería: WeBuyBooks, Rossendale, LANCS, Reino UnidoWeBuyBooks
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Aceptable
EUR 3,33
Envío por EUR 8,28Se envía de Reino Unido a Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
hardcover. Condición: Good. Most items will be dispatched the same or the next working day. A copy that has been read but remains in clean condition. All of the pages are intact and the cover is intact and the spine may show signs of wear. The book may have minor markings which are not specifically mentioned.…

Idioma: Inglés
Editorial: Emerald Publishing Limited, 1989
Serie: Libro 10 de 31 - ECONOMIC THEORY, ECONOMETRICS, AND MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS
- Tapa dura
Librería: Better World Books Ltd, Dunfermline, Reino UnidoBetter World Books Ltd
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Bueno
EUR 6,12
Envío por EUR 5,90Se envía de Reino Unido a Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
Condición: Very Good. 2nd. Pages intact with possible writing/highlighting. Binding strong with minor wear. Dust jackets/supplements may not be included. Stock photo provided. Product includes identifying sticker. Better World Books: Buy Books. Do Good.

Bold Thinking on Investment Management: The FAJ 60th Anniversary Anthology
Keith Ambachtsheer; Robert D. Arnott; Clifford S. Asness; Peter L. Bernstein; John C. Bogle; Thomas A. Bowman; Gary P. Brinson; Abby Joseph Cohen; Aswath Damodaran; Jeffrey J. Diermeier; Charles D. Ellis; Richard M. Ennis; Don Ezra; Frank J. Fabozzi; David I. Fisher; Martin S. Fridson; Clive W.J. Granger; Richard C. Grinold; William H. Gross; J. Parker Hall III; Campbell Harvey; L. Randolph Hood; Marianne M. Jennings; Irving Kahn; Henry Kaufman; Dean LeBaron; Martin L. Leibowitz; Harry M. Markowitz; Paul A. McCulley; Edmund A. Mennis; John J. Nagorniak; Jeremy J. Siegel; Meir Statman; Jack L. Treynor
- Tapa dura
Librería: Goodwill of Central and Coastal Virginia, Richmond, VA, Estados Unidos de AmericaGoodwill of Central and Coastal Virginia
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 4 estrellasCondición: Usado - Regular
EUR 7,46
Envío por EUR 5,12Se envía dentro de Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Condición: acceptable.

Bold Thinking on Investment Management: The FAJ 60th Anniversary Anthology
Keith Ambachtsheer; Robert D. Arnott; Clifford S. Asness; Peter L. Bernstein; John C. Bogle; Thomas A. Bowman; Gary P. Brinson; Abby Joseph Cohen; Aswath Damodaran; Jeffrey J. Diermeier; Charles D. Ellis; Richard M. Ennis; Don Ezra; Frank J. Fabozzi; David I. Fisher; Martin S. Fridson; Clive W.J. Granger; Richard C. Grinold; William H. Gross; J. Parker Hall III; Campbell Harvey; L. Randolph Hood; Marianne M. Jennings; Irving Kahn; Henry Kaufman; Dean LeBaron; Martin L. Leibowitz; Harry M. Markowitz; Paul A. McCulley; Edmund A. Mennis; John J. Nagorniak; Jeremy J. Siegel; Meir Statman; Jack L. Treynor
- Tapa blanda
Librería: WorldofBooks, Goring-By-Sea, WS, Reino UnidoWorldofBooks
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Bueno
EUR 6,35
Envío por EUR 6,61Se envía de Reino Unido a Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
Paperback. Condición: Very Good. The book has been read, but is in excellent condition. Pages are intact and not marred by notes or highlighting. The spine remains undamaged.

Editorial: Academic Press, 1986
- Tapa blanda
Librería: RiLaoghaire, Knoxville, TN, Estados Unidos de AmericaRiLaoghaire
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Aceptable
EUR 2,57
Envío por EUR 4,37Se envía dentro de Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
Soft cover. Condición: Good. 2nd Edition. 338 numbered pages; stamp on inside half title page; some minor highlighting in text; light wear to corners and edges of black softcover; minor rub to cover; a couple minor creases to cover; several minor dings to cover; weighs 1 pound and 1 ounce; measures 8.8 by 5.8 by .65 inches; 070123; This thoroughly revised second edition of an upper-level undergraduate/graduate text describes many major techniques of forecasting used in economics and business.…

Bold Thinking on Investment Management: The FAJ 60th Anniversary Anthology
Keith Ambachtsheer; Robert D. Arnott; Clifford S. Asness; Peter L. Bernstein; John C. Bogle; Thomas A. Bowman; Gary P. Brinson; Abby Joseph Cohen; Aswath Damodaran; Jeffrey J. Diermeier; Charles D. Ellis; Richard M. Ennis; Don Ezra; Frank J. Fabozzi; David I. Fisher; Martin S. Fridson; Clive W.J. Granger; Richard C. Grinold; William H. Gross; J. Parker Hall III; Campbell Harvey; L. Randolph Hood; Marianne M. Jennings; Irving Kahn; Henry Kaufman; Dean LeBaron; Martin L. Leibowitz; Harry M. Markowitz; Paul A. McCulley; Edmund A. Mennis; John J. Nagorniak; Jeremy J. Siegel; Meir Statman; Jack L. Treynor
- Tapa dura
Librería: Goodwill of Silicon Valley, SAN JOSE, CA, Estados Unidos de AmericaGoodwill of Silicon Valley
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 4 estrellasCondición: Usado - Aceptable
EUR 11,40
Envío por EUR 3,56Se envía dentro de Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
Condición: good. Supports Goodwill of Silicon Valley job training programs. The cover and pages are in Good condition! Any other included accessories are also in Good condition showing use. Use can include some highlighting and writing, page and cover creases as well as other types visible wear.

- Tapa blanda
Librería: HPB-Diamond, Dallas, TX, Estados Unidos de AmericaHPB-Diamond
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Bueno
EUR 12,07
Envío por EUR 3,35Se envía dentro de Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
paperback. Condición: Very Good. Connecting readers with great books since 1972! Used books may not include companion materials, and may have some shelf wear or limited writing. We ship orders daily and Customer Service is our top priority.

- Tapa blanda
Librería: ThriftBooks-Dallas, Dallas, TX, Estados Unidos de AmericaThriftBooks-Dallas
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Bueno
EUR 15,74
Gastos de envío gratisSe envía dentro de Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
Paperback. Condición: Very Good. No Jacket. May have limited writing in cover pages. Pages are unmarked. ~ ThriftBooks: Read More, Spend Less.

Idioma: Inglés
Editorial: Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 1993
- Tapa blanda
Librería: Better World Books Ltd, Dunfermline, Reino UnidoBetter World Books Ltd
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Bueno
EUR 10,12
Envío por EUR 5,90Se envía de Reino Unido a Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
Condición: Very Good. Former library copy. Pages intact with possible writing/highlighting. Binding strong with minor wear. Dust jackets/supplements may not be included. Includes library markings. Stock photo provided. Product includes identifying sticker. Better World Books: Buy Books. Do Good.

- Tapa blanda
Librería: Better World Books, Mishawaka, IN, Estados Unidos de AmericaBetter World Books
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Aceptable
EUR 18,32
Gastos de envío gratisSe envía dentro de Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
Condición: Good. Former library copy. Pages intact with minimal writing/highlighting. The binding may be loose and creased. Dust jackets/supplements are not included. Includes library markings. Stock photo provided. Product includes identifying sticker. Better World Books: Buy Books. Do Good.

Idioma: Inglés
Editorial: Oxford University Press, 1993
- Tapa blanda
Librería: Anybook.com, Lincoln, Reino UnidoAnybook.com
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Regular
EUR 3,04
Envío por EUR 15,38Se envía de Reino Unido a Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
Condición: Fair. This is an ex-library book and may have the usual library/used-book markings inside.This book has soft covers. In fair condition, suitable as a study copy. Please note the Image in this listing is a stock photo and may not match the covers of the actual item,400grams, ISBN:9780198773207. …

Bold Thinking on Investment Management: The FAJ 60th Anniversary Anthology
Keith Ambachtsheer; Robert D. Arnott; Clifford S. Asness; Peter L. Bernstein; John C. Bogle; Thomas A. Bowman; Gary P. Brinson; Abby Joseph Cohen; Aswath Damodaran; Jeffrey J. Diermeier; Charles D. Ellis; Richard M. Ennis; Don Ezra; Frank J. Fabozzi; David I. Fisher; Martin S. Fridson; Clive W.J. Granger; Richard C. Grinold; William H. Gross; J. Parker Hall III; Campbell Harvey; L. Randolph Hood; Marianne M. Jennings; Irving Kahn; Henry Kaufman; Dean LeBaron; Martin L. Leibowitz; Harry M. Markowitz; Paul A. McCulley; Edmund A. Mennis; John J. Nagorniak; Jeremy J. Siegel; Meir Statman; Jack L. Treynor
- Tapa dura
Librería: Sell Books, Elland, YORKS, Reino UnidoSell Books
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Aceptable
EUR 4,21
Envío por EUR 14,33Se envía de Reino Unido a Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
hardcover. Condición: Good. Our good condition books are generally good for reading but not for gifting or collecting. They could have imperfections such as creasing, fanning, inscriptions, margin notes, yellowing, staining on edge or cover or pages, bumps, scuffs, etc etc (sometimes multiple of these). It's a wide category that encompasses anything that isn't almost-new down to anything that is slightly better than poor. We would NOT recommend gifting Good books - these should be considered reading copies. Our books are dispatched from a Yorkshire former cotton mill. We list via barcode/ISBN so please note that the images are stock images and may not be the exact copy you receive, furthermore the details about edition and year might not be accurate as many publishers reuse the same ISBN for multiple editions and as we simply scan a barcode or enter an ISBN we do not check the validity of the edition data when listing. If you're looking for an exact edition please don't order (at least not without checking with us first, although we don't always have time to check). We aim to dispatch prompty, the service used will depend on order value and book size. We can ship to most countries, see our shipping policies. Payment is via Abe only.…

Idioma: Inglés
Editorial: Emerald Publishing Limited, 1986
Serie: Libro 10 de 31 - ECONOMIC THEORY, ECONOMETRICS, AND MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS
- Tapa blanda
Librería: digger-dogger, CHESHIRE, CT, Estados Unidos de Americadigger-dogger
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 2 estrellasCondición: Usado - Bueno
EUR 13,79
Envío por EUR 5,34Se envía dentro de Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
Condición: Very Good. Edge and corner wear to cover.

- Tapa dura
Librería: books4less (Versandantiquariat Petra Gros GmbH & Co. KG), Welling, Alemaniabooks4less (Versandantiquariat Petra Gros GmbH & Co. KG)
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Bueno
EUR 9,45
Envío por EUR 9,95Se envía de Alemania a Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
gebundene Ausgabe. Condición: Gut. 99 Seiten Der Erhaltungszustand des hier angebotenen Werks ist trotz seiner Bibliotheksnutzung sehr sauber und kann entsprechende Merkmale aufweisen (Rückenschild, Instituts-Stempel.). In ENGLISCHER Sprache. Sprache: Englisch Gewicht in Gramm: 265.

Idioma: Inglés
Editorial: Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 1993
- Tapa blanda
Librería: Better World Books: West, Reno, NV, Estados Unidos de AmericaBetter World Books: West
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Bueno
EUR 20,17
Gastos de envío gratisSe envía dentro de Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
Condición: Very Good. Pages intact with possible writing/highlighting. Binding strong with minor wear. Dust jackets/supplements may not be included. Stock photo provided. Product includes identifying sticker. Better World Books: Buy Books. Do Good.

Idioma: Inglés
Editorial: Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 1993
- Tapa blanda
Librería: Better World Books, Mishawaka, IN, Estados Unidos de AmericaBetter World Books
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Bueno
EUR 20,17
Gastos de envío gratisSe envía dentro de Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
Condición: Very Good. Former library copy. Pages intact with possible writing/highlighting. Binding strong with minor wear. Dust jackets/supplements may not be included. Includes library markings. Stock photo provided. Product includes identifying sticker. Better World Books: Buy Books. Do Good.

Idioma: Inglés
Editorial: OUP Oxford, 1993
- Tapa blanda
Librería: ThriftBooks-Atlanta, AUSTELL, GA, Estados Unidos de AmericaThriftBooks-Atlanta
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Bueno
EUR 27,97
Gastos de envío gratisSe envía dentro de Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
Paperback. Condición: Very Good. No Jacket. May have limited writing in cover pages. Pages are unmarked. ~ ThriftBooks: Read More, Spend Less.

Bold Thinking on Investment Management: The FAJ 60th Anniversary Anthology
Keith Ambachtsheer; Robert D. Arnott; Clifford S. Asness; Peter L. Bernstein; John C. Bogle; Thomas A. Bowman; Gary P. Brinson; Abby Joseph Cohen; Aswath Damodaran; Jeffrey J. Diermeier; Charles D. Ellis; Richard M. Ennis; Don Ezra; Frank J. Fabozzi; David I. Fisher; Martin S. Fridson; Clive W.J. Granger; Richard C. Grinold; William H. Gross; J. Parker Hall III; Campbell Harvey; L. Randolph Hood; Marianne M. Jennings; Irving Kahn; Henry Kaufman; Dean LeBaron; Martin L. Leibowitz; Harry M. Markowitz; Paul A. McCulley; Edmund A. Mennis; John J. Nagorniak; Jeremy J. Siegel; Meir Statman; Jack L. Treynor
- Tapa dura
Librería: Greener Books, London, Reino UnidoGreener Books
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 4 estrellasCondición: Usado - Bueno
EUR 7,36
Envío por EUR 23,60Se envía de Reino Unido a Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
Hardcover. Condición: Used; Very Good. **SHIPPED FROM UK** We believe you will be completely satisfied with our quick and reliable service. All orders are dispatched as swiftly as possible! Buy with confidence! Greener Books.

Idioma: Inglés
Editorial: Oxford University Press, Usa, 1993
- Tapa blanda
Librería: Anybook.com, Lincoln, Reino UnidoAnybook.com
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Regular
EUR 17,85
Envío por EUR 15,38Se envía de Reino Unido a Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
Condición: Fair. This is an ex-library book and may have the usual library/used-book markings inside.This book has soft covers. In fair condition, suitable as a study copy. Library sticker on front cover. Please note the Image in this listing is a stock photo and may not match the covers of the actual item,400grams, ISBN:9780198773207.…

- Tapa dura
Librería: MB Books, Derbyshire, Reino UnidoMB Books
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Aceptable
EUR 9,72
Envío por EUR 25,95Se envía de Reino Unido a Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
Hardcover. Condición: Good. No Jacket. Condition : Good. Hard cover, no jacket. Former university library copy with associated markings. 99pp. No highlighting or annotations to text. Photo on request.

- Tapa blanda
Librería: World of Books (was SecondSale), Montgomery, IL, Estados Unidos de AmericaWorld of Books (was SecondSale)
Contactar con el vendedorVendedor de 5 estrellasCondición: Usado - Aceptable
EUR 39,37
Gastos de envío gratisSe envía dentro de Estados Unidos de AmericaCantidad disponible: 1 disponible
Condición: Good. Item in good condition. Textbooks may not include supplemental items i.e. CDs, access codes etc.