springer us nov 1991 (9 resultados)

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -3. 2 Input Encoding Targeting Two-Level Logic . . . . . . . . 27 3. 2. 1 One-Hot Coding and Multiple-Valued Minimization 28 3. 2. 2 Input Constraints and Face Embedding 30 3. 3 Satisfying Encoding Constraints . . . . . . . 32 3. 3. 1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3. 3. 2 Column-Based Constraint Satisfaction 33 3. 3. 3 Row-Based Constraint Satisfaction . . 37 3. 3. 4 Constraint Satisfaction Using Dichotomies . 38 3. 3. 5 Simulated Annealing for Constraint Satisfaction 41 3. 4 Input Encoding Targeting Multilevel Logic. . 43 3. 4. 1 Kernels and Kernel Intersections . . . 44 3. 4. 2 Kernels and Multiple-Valued Variables 46 3. 4. 3 Multiple-Valued Factorization. . . . . 48 3. 4. 4 Size Estimation in Algebraic Decomposition . 53 3. 4. 5 The Encoding Step . 54 3. 5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . 55 4 Encoding of Symbolic Outputs 57 4. 1 Heuristic Output Encoding Targeting Two-Level Logic. 59 4. 1. 1 Dominance Relations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4. 1. 2 Output Encoding by the Derivation of Dominance Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 . . 4. 1. 3 Heuristics to Minimize the Number of Encoding Bits . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4. 1. 4 Disjunctive Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4. 1. 5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 . . 4. 2 Exact Output Encoding Targeting Two-Level Logic. 66 4. 2. 1 Generation of Generalized Prime Implicants . 68 4. 2. 2 Selecting a Minimum Encodeable Cover . . . 68 4. 2. 3 Dominance and Disjunctive Relationships to S- isfy Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4. 2. 4 Constructing the Optimized Cover 73 4. 2. 5 Correctness of the Procedure . . 73 4. 2. 6 Multiple Symbolic Outputs . . . 250 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Herb Caen, a popular columnist for the San Francisco Chronicle, recently quoted a Voice of America press release as saying that it was reorganizing in order to 'eliminate duplication and redundancy. ' This quote both states a goal of data compression and illustrates its common need: the removal of duplication (or redundancy) can provide a more efficient representation of data and the quoted phrase is itself a candidate for such surgery. Not only can the number of words in the quote be reduced without losing informa tion, but the statement would actually be enhanced by such compression since it will no longer exemplify the wrong that the policy is supposed to correct. Here compression can streamline the phrase and minimize the em barassment while improving the English style. Compression in general is intended to provide efficient representations of data while preserving the essential information contained in the data. This book is devoted to the theory and practice of signal compression, i. e. , data compression applied to signals such as speech, audio, images, and video signals (excluding other data types such as financial data or general purpose computer data). The emphasis is on the conversion of analog waveforms into efficient digital representations and on the compression of digital information into the fewest possible bits. Both operations should yield the highest possible reconstruction fidelity subject to constraints on the bit rate and implementation complexity. 760 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This is a guide to the history, principles, manufacture, and applications of integrated circuits (ICs). It covers the elementary physics of semiconductors, and addresses practical issues crucial to the industry, including IC production techniques and facilities, processing, testing and packaging of chips, and reliability problems. Non-mathematical descriptions of complex topics such as silicon ICs can be easily understood by non-specialists. 244 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -In order to design and build computers that achieve and sustain high performance, it is essential that reliability issues be considered care fully. The problem has several aspects. Certainly, considering reliability implies that an engineer must be able to analyze how design decisions affect the incidence of failure. For instance, in order design reliable inte gritted circuits, it is necessary to analyze how decisions regarding design rules affect the yield, i.e., the percentage of functional chips obtained by the manufacturing process. Of equal importance in producing reliable computers is the detection of failures in its Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuit components, caused by errors in the design specification, implementation, or manufacturing processes. Design verification involves the checking of the specification of a design for correctness prior to carrying out an implementation. Implementation verification ensures that the manual design or automatic synthesis process is correct, i.e., the mask-level description correctly implements the specification. Manufacture test involves the checking of the complex fabrication process for correctness, i.e., ensuring that there are no manufacturing defects in the integrated circuit. It should be noted that all the above verification mechanisms deal not only with verifying the functionality of the integrated circuit but also its performance. 238 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The TeX Reference Manual is the first comprehensive reference manual written by a programmer for programmers. It contains reference pages for each of TeX's 325 primitive control sequences. Over 80% of its reference pages contain examples that range from simple to challenging. Each example is typeset verbatim in a style which is easy to read and experiment with. TeX Reference Manual also just typesets the example, so you can see what it makes, and explains how the example works. The description on each primitive's reference page is an annotated discussion of The TeXbook's treatment of the primitive. That means a TeX user will find it natural to move back and forth between the two books. One of TeX Reference Manual's innovative features is families. They simplify the search for the primitive which performs a particular task. 382 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - One Systems, Processes and the Role of Process Control Hardware.- 1 Signals, systems and process control.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 A system approach to process control systems.- 1.3 Signals.- 1.4 Systems.- 1.5 The basic analytical concept of process control systems.- References.- 2 The basic process unit.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The basic process unit.- 2.3 Basic process unit data processing.- 2.4 Process hardware for data input.- 2.5 Process hardware for data output.- 2.6 Auxiliary data for process control.- References.- 3 Stratification of control tasks and data communication.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Stratification of computer tasks.- 3.3 Control levels and computer input/output hardware.- 3.4 Characteristics of process control computer systems.- 3.5 A survey of process control computer hardware.- 3.6 Communication codes and circuits.- 3.7 Channel capacity.- 3.8 Types of connection and communication hardware.- 3.9 Practical suggestions and recommendations.- 3.10 Open-ended communication in process control.- 3.11 Communication of smart process devices.- References.- Two The Role of Software in Process Control Systems.- 4 The relative roles of software and hardware.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Data processing.- 4.3 Software for process control data processing.- 4.4 Software versus hardware.- References.- 5 System software.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Basic concepts of real-time operating systems.- 5.3 Structure and functions of real-time operating systems.- 5.4 Data and symbols for the operating systems.- 5.5 System software.- 5.6 Cost, safety and reliability of operating system software.- References.- 6 Application programs and databases.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Application program tasks.- 6.3 Structure and timing requirement of application programs.- 6.4 Database and basic process software.- 6.5 Distributed database.- 6.6 Extended real-time software.- References.- Three The Man-Machine Interface.- 7 Reduction and visualization of data and procedures.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Operator-system communication.- 7.3 Visualization and data logging.- 7.4 Recognition of process states.- References.- 8 Process management and control.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Process states.- 8.3 Operator/process interaction - actions, commands and timing.- 8.4 Process protection and automatic actions.- References.- 9 The role of the operator in process control systems.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Formalization of the operator's role.- 9.3 Artificial inferencing tools - expert systems for process supervision and diagnostics.- 9.4 Controlling the operator's work using a process control system.- 9.5 The operator's reaction to process control systems.- 9.6 The limits of the operator's function.- References.- Four System Design.- 10 The feasibility study.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Data volumes and flows.- 10.3 Stratification of process control and basic system design.- 10.4 Cost/benefit analysis.- 10.5 Benefits.- References.- 11 Computer control system design.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Communication design.- 11.3 Data transmission units.- 11.4 Designing control and dispatching centres.- 12 Cost-effective system selection.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Buying and testing hardware.- 12.3 Designing and testing software.- 12.4 Human factors in system assembly.- 12.5 Programming teams.- References.- 13 The integrated approach.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Mounting and installation procedure.- 13.3 Testing and reliability.- 13.4 System commissioning.- 13.5 Commissioning and safety.- 13.6 Training personnel.- 13.7 Maintenance.- References.- Author index.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Fundamental Aspects of Inert Gases in Solids, held at Bonas, France from 16-22 September 1990, was the fifth in a series of meetings that have been held in this topic area since 1979. The Consultants' Meeting in that year at Harwell on Rare Gas Behaviour in Metals and Ionic Solids was followed in 1982 by the Jiilich Inter national Symposium on Fundamental Aspects of Helium in Metals. Two smaller meetings have followed-a CECAM organised workshop on Helium Bubbles in Metals was held at Orsay, France in 1986 while in February 1989, a Topical Symposium on Noble Gases in Metals was held in Las Vegas as part of the large TMS/AIME Spring Meeting. As is well known, the dominating feature of inert gas atoms in most solids is their high heat of solution, leading in most situations to an essentially zero solubility and gas-atom precipita tion. In organising the workshop, one particular aim was to target the researchers in the field of inert-gas/solid interactions from three different areas--namely metals, tritides and nuclear fuels-in order to encourage and foster the cross-fertilisation of approaches and ideas. In these three material classes, the behaviour of inert gases in metals has probably been most studied, partly from technological considerations-the effects of helium production via (n, a) reac tions during neutron irradiation are of importance, particularly in a fusion reactor environ ment-and partly from a more fundamental viewpoint. 488 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Marine Invertebrate Evolution in the Galapagos Islands MATTHEW J. JAMES 1. Perspective of This Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Directions for Future Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3. Plan of This Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1. Perspective of This Volume Charles Darwin brought the Galapagos Islands to the attention of zoologists, botanists, and geologists following the six-week visit of H. M. S. Beagle to the islands in 1835. Since then published research on the biota of the islands, partic ularly in multiauthored volumes, has focused on terrestrial plants and animals. The present volume is designed specifically to provide a summary of work on the marine invertebrate fauna. One deviation from that objective was the inclusion of a chapter on land snails, which proved to be a good choice because the phylum Mollusca is now covered more thoroughly in this volume than in any single previous scholarly work on the Galapagos. The academic bottom line with this book is to elucidate the evolutionary responses of shallow water, benthic marine invertebrates to the unique set of insular conditions that exist in the Galapagos Islands. The route taken to that objective has many paths including taxonomic revision, determining biogeo graphic affinities, and examining the ecological requirements of species. The information presented here is for some groups from the islands the first stage in a thorough process that can eventually lead to an understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of these species. 492 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -vi industrial process or a class of catalysts forms the basis of other books, with information on: fundamental science of the topic, the use of the pro cess or catalysts, and engineering aspects. Single topics in catalysis are also treated in the series, with books giving the theory of the underlying science, and relating it to catalytic practice. We believe that this approach is giving a collection of volumes that is of value to both academic and industrial workers. The series editors welcome comments on the series and suggestions of topics for future volumes. Martyn Twigg Michael Spencer Billingham and Cardiff Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . Chapter 1. Vibrational Relaxation of Adsorbed Particles . . . . . 5 1.1. General Approach to Describing Vibrational Relaxation . 5 1.2. Phonon Mechanism of Relaxation . 8 1.2.1. Relationship between the Simple Perturbation Theory and the Adiabatic Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . 1.2.2. One-Mode Approximation . . . 11 1.2.3. Relaxation Caused by Correlation Potential Proportional to Displacement of Adsorbed Particle from Equilibrium . 12 1.2.4. Relaxation Caused by Correlation Potential Proportional to Displacement of Surface Atom from Equilibrium . 14 1.2.5. Results and Discussion . 15 1.3. Vibrational Relaxation via Interaction with Conduction Electrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1. Dipole Approximation . '.' . . . . . . . . . . . 18 . 332 pp. Englisch.