springer us dez 1990 (14 resultados)

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This book is primarily concerned with the space planning of restaurants and, since their basic elements are much the same throughout the civilised world, is directed at an international readership. Although concentrating on the average restaurants, we also look at the wider commercial range-banquet ~ooms, cafeterias, fast food establishments, drug stores, sandwich bars and cafes-as well as private dining rooms, outdoor and in-transit situations. Where a particular environment is not specifically singled out, its elements can be deduced by comparison to similar spaces. At a detailed planning level, the design of dining spaces is not a well investigated and documented field. The present work attempts to fill this gap and address the designer's need for hard facts, dimensions, and sound spatial guidelines. The author of this book firmly believes that given rigorous scrutiny of all relevant data almost any design problem can be solved; and that the process of arriving at a solution (or recommendation) can and should be explicable in unequivocal terms. 96 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Synchronization is one of the important issues in digital system design. While other approaches have always been intriguing, up until now synchro nous operation using a common clock has been the dominant design philo sophy. However, we have reached the point, with advances in technology, where other options should be given serious consideration. This is because the clock periods are getting much smaller in relation to the interconnect propagation delays, even within a single chip and certainly at the board and backplane level. To a large extent, this problem can be overcome with care ful clock distribution in synchronous design, and tools for computer-aided design of clock distribution. However, this places global constraints on the design, making it necessary, for example, to redesign the clock distribution each time any part of the system is changed. In this book, some alternative approaches to synchronization in digital sys tem design are described and developed. We owe these techniques to a long history of effort in both digital system design and in digital communica tions, the latter field being relevant because large propagation delays have always been a dominant consideration in design. While synchronous design is discussed and contrasted to the other techniques in Chapter 6, the dom inant theme of this book is alternative approaches. 196 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -New laser technology has developed a new dye chemistry! Development of the gallium-arsenic semiconductor laser (diode laser) that emits laser light at 780-830 nm has made possible development of new opto-electronic systems including laser optical recording systems, thermal writing display systems, laser printing systems, and so on. Medical applications of lasers in photodynamic therapy for the treatment of cancer were also developed. In such systems, the infrared absorbing dyes OR dyes) are currently used as effective photoreceivers for diode lasers, and will become the key materials in high technology. At the present time the chemistry of IR dyes is the most important and interesting field in dye chemistry. Laser light can be highly monochromatic, very well collimated, coher ent, and, in some cases, extremely powerful. These characteristics make diode lasers a very cheap, convenient, and useful light source for a variety of applications in science and technology. For these purposes, however, IR dyes with special characteristics are required. To develop new IR dyes, it is most important to establish the correlation between the chemical structures of dyes and other characteristics of dyes, such as their absorption spectra. Molecular design of IR dyes predicting the Amax and Emax values by molecular orbital (MO) calculations is now possible even by using a personal computer, and many types of new IR dyes have been demonstrated. Also, new opto-electronic systems using IR dyes as photoreceivers have been reported recently. 238 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware 242 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This book is intended as a tool for architects, interior designers and other professionals to identify the space requirements for domestic or commercial kitchens and food preparation areas. The size and of kitchens are often determined by external shape factors rather than the internal operating requirements. The various factors of access, servicing and function, combined with the often predetermined size and shape make many food preparation areas unique. The purpose of this book is to identify the principles applying in various situations and to show by example how the same basic functional criteria can be satisfied within a variety of spatial contexts. The book is divided into five chapters dealing with domestic and commercial kitchens, food serveries and foods courts and retail catering. Each chapter identifies the various criteria to be borne in mind when preparing layouts, and provides specimen plans and information that can be applied directly to a wide range of food preparation facilities. In preparing this book we have consciously intended the information to be plagiarized or copied directly, either by photocopying, cutting and pasting, tracing or computer scanning. All the images are drawn to scale and can be used same size or resized as required. Our aim has been to provide information that will enable the designer to identify design parameters and our examples provide possible schematic solutions. In conclusion it should be noted that catering dE!sign is an extensive and highly specialized subject. 100 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This monograph evolved from my Ph. D dissertation completed at the Laboratory of Computer Science, MIT, during the Summer of 1986. In my dissertation I proposed a pipelined code mapping scheme for array operations on static dataflow architectures. The main addition to this work is found in Chapter 12, reflecting new research results developed during the last three years since I joined McGill University-results based upon the principles in my dissertation. The terminology dataflow soft ware pipelining has been consistently used since publication of our 1988 paper on the argument-fetching dataflow architecture model at McGill University [43]. In the first part of this book we describe the static data flow graph model as an operational model for concurrent computation. We look at timing considerations for program graph execution on an ideal static dataflow computer, examine the notion of pipe lining, and characterize its performance. We discuss balancing techniques used to transform certain graphs into fully pipelined data flow graphs. In particular, we show how optimal balancing of an acyclic data flow graph can be formulated as a linear programming problem for which an optimal solution exists. As a major result, we show the optimal balancing problem of acyclic data flow graphs is reduceable to a class of linear programming problem, the net work flow problem, for which well-known efficient algorithms exist. This result disproves the conjecture that such problems are computationally hard. 276 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -One of the most intriguing questions in image processing is the problem of recovering the desired or perfect image from a degraded version. In many instances one has the feeling that the degradations in the image are such that relevant information is close to being recognizable, if only the image could be sharpened just a little. This monograph discusses the two essential steps by which this can be achieved, namely the topics of image identification and restoration. More specifically the goal of image identifi cation is to estimate the properties of the imperfect imaging system (blur) from the observed degraded image, together with some (statistical) char acteristics of the noise and the original (uncorrupted) image. On the basis of these properties the image restoration process computes an estimate of the original image. Although there are many textbooks addressing the image identification and restoration problem in a general image processing setting, there are hardly any texts which give an indepth treatment of the state-of-the-art in this field. This monograph discusses iterative procedures for identifying and restoring images which have been degraded by a linear spatially invari ant blur and additive white observation noise. As opposed to non-iterative methods, iterative schemes are able to solve the image restoration problem when formulated as a constrained and spatially variant optimization prob In this way restoration results can be obtained which outperform the lem. results of conventional restoration filters. 228 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -One of the aims of Natural Language Processing is to facilitate .the use of computers by allowing their users to communicate in natural language. There are two important aspects to person-machine communication: understanding and generating. While natural language understanding has been a major focus of research, natural language generation is a relatively new and increasingly active field of research. This book presents an overview of the state of the art in natural language generation, describing both new results and directions for new research. The principal emphasis of natural language generation is not only to facili tate the use of computers but also to develop a computational theory of human language ability. In doing so, it is a tool for extending, clarifying and verifying theories that have been put forth in linguistics, psychology and sociology about how people communicate. A natural language generator will typically have access to a large body of knowledge from which to select information to present to users as well as numer of expressing it. Generating a text can thus be seen as a problem of ous ways decision-making under multiple constraints: constraints from the propositional knowledge at hand, from the linguistic tools available, from the communicative goals and intentions to be achieved, from the audience the text is aimed at and from the situation and past discourse. Researchers in generation try to identify the factors involved in this process and determine how best to represent the factors and their dependencies. 432 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware 468 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Inhaltsangabe1 Why Parsing Technologies .- 1.1 The gap between theory and application.- 1.2 About this book.- 2 The Computational Implementation of Principle-Based Parsers.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The principle ordering problem.- 2.3 Examples of parsing using the Po-Parser.- 2.4 Concluding remarks.- 3 Parsing with Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Lexicalization of CFGs.- 3.3 Lexicalized TAGs.- 3.4 Parsing lexicalized TAGs.- 3.5 Concluding remarks.- 4 Parsing with Discontinuous Phrase Structure Grammar.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Trees with discontinuities.- 4.3 Disco-Trees in grammar rules.- 4.4 Implementing DPSG: An enhanced chart parser.- 4.5 Concluding remarks.- 5 Parsing with Categorial Grammar in Predictive Normal Form.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Overview of predictive normal form.- 5.3 Source grammar (G).- 5.4 Predictive normal form (G).- 5.5 Ambiguity in G.- 5.6 Equivalence of G and G.- 5.7 Concluding remarks.- 6 PREMO: Parsing by conspicuous lexical consumption.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 The preference machine.- 6.3 Global data.- 6.4 Preference semantics.- 6.5 PREMO example.- 6.6 Comparison to other work.- 6.7 Concluding remarks.- 7 Parsing, Word Associations, and Typical Predicate-Argument Relations.- 7.1 Mutual information.- 7.2 Phrasal verbs.- 7.3 Preprocessing the corpus with a part of speech tagger.- 7.4 Preprocessing with a syntactic parser.- 7.5 Significance levels.- 7.6 Just a powerful tool.- 7.7 Practical applications.- 7.8 Alternatives to collocation for recognition applications.- 7.9 Concluding remarks.- 8 Parsing Spoken Language Using Combinatory Grammars.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Structure and intonation.- 8.3 Combinatory grammars.- 8.4 Parsing with CCG.- 8.5 Intonational structure.- 8.6 A hypothesis.- 8.7 Conclusion.- 9 A Dependency-Based Parser for Topic and Focus.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Dependency-based output structures.- 9.3 The semantic impact of topic-focus articulation.- 9.4 Parsing procedure for topic and focus.- 9.5 Parsing sentences in a text.- 9.6 Concluding remarks.- 10 A Probabilistic Parsing Method for Sentence Disambiguation.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Probabilistic context-free grammar.- 10.3 Experiments.- 10.4 Concluding remarks.- 11 Towards a Uniform Formal Framework for Parsing.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Context-free parsing.- 11.3 Horn clauses.- 11.4 Other linguistic formalisms.- 11.5 Concluding remarks.- 12 A Method for Disjunctive Constraint Satisfaction.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Turning disjunctions into contexted constraints.- 12.3 Normalizing the contexted constraints.- 12.4 Extracting the disjunctive residue.- 12.5 Producing the models.- 12.6 Comparison with other techniques.- 12.7 Concluding remarks.- 13 Polynomial Parsing of Extensions of Context-Free Grammars.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Linear indexed grammars.- 13.3 Combinatory categorial grammars.- 13.4 Tree Adjoining Grammars.- 13.5 Importance of linearity.- 13.6 Concluding remarks.- 14 Overview of Parallel Parsing Strategies.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 From one to many traditional serial parsers.- 14.3 Translating grammar rules into process configurations.- 14.4 From sentence words to processes.- 14.5 Connectionist parsing algorithms.- 14.6 Concluding remarks.- 15 Chart Parsing for Loosely Coupled Parallel Systems.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Parsing for loosely coupled systems.- 15.3 Parallelism and the chart.- 15.4 Distributing the chart.- 15.5 Communication vs. computation - Results for the Hypercube.- 15.6 Towards wider comparability - The abstract parallel agenda.- 15.7 Termination and Synchronization.- 15.8 Testing the portable system - Results of network experiment.- 15.9 Alternative patterns of edge distribution.- 15.10 Concluding remarks.- 16 Parsing with Connectionist Networks.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Incremental parsing.- 16.3 Connectionist network formalism.- 16.4 Parsing network architecture.- 16.5 Parsing network performance.- 16.6 Extensions.- 16.7 Concluding remarks.- 17 A Broad-Coverage Natural Languag 324 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This book concerns a new method of image data compression which weil may supplant the well-established block-transfonn methods that have been state-of-the art for the last 15 years. Subband image coding or SBC was first perfonned as such in 1985, and as the results became known at first through conference proceedings, and later through journal papers, the research community became excited about both the theoretical and practical aspects of this new approach. This excitement is continuing today, with many major research laboratories and research universities around the world investigating the subband approach to coding of color images, high resolution images, video- including video conferencing and advanced tele vision, and the medical application of picture archiving systems. Much of the fruits of this work is summarized in the eight chapters of this book which were written by leading practitioners in this field. The subband approach to image coding starts by passing the image through a two- or three-dimensional filter bank. The two-dimensional (2-D) case usually is hierarchical' consisting of two stages of four filters each. Thus the original image is split into 16 subband images, with each one decimated or subsampled by 4x4, resulting in a data conservation. The individual channel data is then quantized for digital transmission. In an attractive variation an octave-like approach, herein tenned subband pyramid, is taken for the decomposition resulting in a total of just eleven subbands. 368 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -For a period of some fifteen years following completion of my internship training in clinical psychology (1950-1951) at the Washington University School of Medicine and my concurrent successful navigation through that school's neuroanatomy course, clinical work in neuropsychology for me and the psychologists of my generation consisted almost exclusively of our trying to help our physician colleagues differentiate patients with neurologic disorders from those with psychiatric disorders. In time, experience led all of us from the several disciplines involved in this enterprise to the conclusion that the crude diagnostic techniques available to us circa 1945-1965 had garnered little valid information on which to base such complex, differential diagnostic decisions. It now is gratifying to look back and review the remarkable progress that has occurred in the field of clinical neuropsychology in the four decades since I was a graduate student. In the late 1940s such pioneers as Ward Halstead, Alexander Luria, George Yacorzynski, Hans-Lukas Teuber, and Arthur Benton already were involved in clinical studies that, by the late 1960s, would markedly have improved the quality of clinical practice. However, the only psychological tests that the clinical psychologist of my immediate post Second Wodd War generation had as aids for the diagnosis of neurologically based conditions involving cognitive deficit were such old standbys as the Wechsler-Bellevue, Rorschach, Draw A Person, Bender Gestalt, and Graham Kendall Memory for Designs Test. 334 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Over the generations the skin has been the site for immunization against smallpox. This method of immunization was described in a letter written by Lady Mary Montagu on April 1, 1717 in Adrianopole, Turkey: 'The small-pox, so fatal, and so general amongst us, is here entirely harmless by the invention of ingrafting, which is the term they give it. . . The old woman comes with a nut-shell full of the matter of the best sort of small-pox . . . She immediately rips open (the skin) with a large needle . . . and puts into the vein as much venom as can lie upon the head of her needle, and after binds up the wound. There is no example of anyone that died of it; and you may believe that I am satisfied of the safety of this experiment since I intend to try it on my dear little son' (Letters from the right Honourable Lady Mary Montagu 1709-1762. Published by J. M. Dent and Co. London, 2nd edition, September, 1906, p. 124. ) The 'variolation' method was, 80 years later, markedly improved by the use of cowpox virus, as reported by Edward Jenner in 1796. The successful method of intradermal immunization against smallpox and later against other virus diseases is in fact based on the presence of anitigen-presenting dendritic cells in the skin. 340 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -More than ten years have passed since the first edition was published. During that period there have been a substantial number of changes in geotechnical engineering, especially in the applications of foundation engineering. As the world population increases, more land is needed and many soil deposits previously deemed unsuitable for residential housing or other construction projects are now being used. Such areas include problematic soil regions, mining subsidence areas, and sanitary landfills. To overcome the problems associated with these natural or man-made soil deposits, new and improved methods of analysis, design, and implementation are needed in foundation construction. As society develops and living standards rise, tall buildings, transportation facilities, and industrial complexes are increasingly being built. Because of the heavy design loads and the complicated environments, the traditional design concepts, construction materials, methods, and equipment also need improvement. Further, recent energy and material shortages have caused additional burdens on the engineering profession and brought about the need to seek alternative or cost-saving methods for foundation design and construction. 944 pp. Englisch.