Elsevier bv okt 2000 (10 resultados)

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - This Proceedings contains the papers presented at the IFAC Workshop on Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Methods for Nonlinear Control, held at Princeton University, USA in March 2000. The workshop featured presentations and in-depth discussions of recent theoretical and practical developments in Lagrangian and Hamiltonian approaches to nonlinear control. New technologies have created engineering problems where successful controller designs must account for nonlinear effects, yet existing theory for general nonlinear systems often proves insufficient. This workshop focused on recent research that gives modeling a central role and focuses on structure that can be exploited in controller design. The research presented covered a diverse set of application areas.…

Buch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - Volume 22 of Research in Organizational Behavior continues the tradition of innovation and theoretical development with eight diverse papers. Most of these papers present theory and propositions that make linkages between different levels of analysis.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - At the beginning of the new millennium the PID controller continues to be a key component of industrial control. During this century many different structures of control have been proposed to overcome the limitation of the PID controllers. Because of their simplicity and usefulness, they give a very useful solution to an important part of the industrial processes.The present-day structure of PID controllers is quite different from the original analog PID controllers. Now the implementation of the PID is based on digital design, these digital PIDs include many algorithms such as anti-wind-up, auto-tuning, adaptive, and fuzzy fine tuning to improve their performances, but the basic actions remain the same.During the last two decades, the general reluctance of researchers to use PID controllers has begun to disappear. Many of the new capabilities of digital PID controllers have been introduced by the research community. The industrial control users apply these innovations easily, even enthusiastically. PID control has become one of the most important ways for the scientific specialist in control and the users of industrial control to work together.This workshop was organized so that the scientific world and the industrial control world could meet and discuss the present and future use of PID controllers - the successes and failures of their use and how to determine the limits of performances. This workshop was also useful for learning about control history, since the origin and evolution of PID control can provide us with keys for new development and designs.…

Buch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - In recent years, the main research areas were photonuclear reactions and meson productions by using the first high-duty tagged photon beam and the TAGX spectrometer. Although this field is developing quite rapidly, the synchrotron was closed in 1999 after 37 years of operation, and these activities continue at new facilities. It was therfore a good time to discuss the present status and future directions of this field at this occasion. The Symposium was attended by 85 physicists and 35 talks were presented. This book contains the papers presented in the scientific program of the Symposium. aspects of kaon photoproduc.…

Buch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - This book considers the different concepts of hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) of surfactants and solid particles and the main physicochemical properties of surfactant and solid interfaces which are used to definite the hydrophile-lipophile balance. The book comprehensively analyses all interfacial and bulk properties of surfactants used for the determination of HLB (such as interfacial tension, distribution coefficient, adsorption, surface pressure, surfactants solubility, structure characteristics, distribution between heteropolar phases, micellar formation, chromatographic characteristics, phase separation in emulsions, phase inversion temperature, formation of three phase systems).The central point of the book is the energetic interpretation of the balance, i.e. the hydrophile-lipophile ratio. At the same time the HLB-number systems of Griffin and Davies and other independant methods of the hydrophile-lipophile balance definitions are discussed: PIT, polarity indexes, surfactant affinity difference etc. The possibility of application of the different characteristics of the hydrophile-lipophile balance as a criterion of phase inversion in emulsions and microemulsion systems water-oil-surfactant are considered.For the first time the different methods of the hydrophile-lilophile balance definition for solid particles in compact and dispersed form are suggested by the author. The use of hydrophile-lipophile characteristics of solid particles as a criterion of phase inversion in emulsion stabilisation and for other applications is discussed.…

Buch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - Spectrophotometry enables one to determine, with good precision and sensitivity, almost all the elements present in small and trace quantities of any material. The method is particularly useful in the determination of non-metals and allows the determination elements in a large range of concentrations (from single % to low ppm levels) in various materials.In Separation, Preconcentration and Spectrophotometry in Inorganic Analysis, much attention has been paid to separation and preconcentration methods, since they play an essential role in increasing the selectivity and sensitivity of spectrophotometric methods. Separation and preconcentration methods have also been utilised in other determination techniques.Spectrophotometric methods which are widely used for the determination of the elements in a large variety of inorganic materials are presented in the book whilst separation and preconcentration procedures combined with spectrophotometry are also described. This book contains recent advances in spectrophotometry, detailed discussion of the instrumentation, and the techniques and reagents used for spectrophotometric determination of elements in a wide range of materials as well as a detailed discussion of separation and preconcentration procedures that precede the spectrophotometric detection.…

Buch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - Well Testing is recognised by many operating oil and gas companies to be the most hazardous operation they routinely undertake. Therefore, it is of great importance that such operations are extremely well planned and executed.This handbook covers all the major 'Operational Aspects of Oil and Gas Well Testing' and uses a structured approach to guide the reader through the steps required to safely and effectively plan a well test operation under just about any circumstances world wide.Safety procedures and well testing recommended practices are rigorously addressed in this book, as are the responsibilities of those persons involved in well testing operations. Perforating equipment, drill stem test equipment and bottom hole pressure gauges are discussed in detail in the book. There is also a very valuable section on sub sea equipment, an area often not well understood even by experienced engineers who may have been primarily involved with land or jackup rigs. A major part of the book is the detailed coverage of the equipment and instrumentation that makes up a surface well testing package. It also covers operational and testing related problems such as, hydrates, wax and sand, and offers the reader some possible solutions. There are useful chapters on sampling, onsite chemistry, coil tubing and nitrogen operations and basic stimulation as they relate to well testing. Finally there is an extensive section of appendices covering useful engineering calculations and there is a complete example of a detailed well testing programme.…

Buch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - Applying recent advances in biological and physical sciences, food scientists have created 'novel food ingredients' enzymatically, chemically or microbiologically. Chief among these are 'novel proteins and polysaccharides' which, like the more established traditional macromolecules, can perform multifunctional roles such as thickening, stabilization, gelation or encapsulation and in this way determine to a large extent the shelf life, texture and nutritional value of natural and processed foods.Featuring the latest advances on chemistry, structure and functional properties of 'novel proteins and polysaccharides', with an emphasis on fundamental structure-function relationships, this book will be valuable to all those working in product development and fundamental food research.…

Buch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - Among the numerous applications of the rare-earth elements, the field of catalysis accounts for a large number. Catalysis represents approximately 20% of the total market sales of rare earths worldwide. As a matter of fact two main applications have been prominent in the last decades: zeolite stabilization for fluid cracking catalysts, and automotive post-combustion catalytic treatment. The oldest use of rare earths in catalysis deals with the structural and chemical stabilization of the zeolites for petroleum cracking applications. For a long time this has been an area of application for non-separated rare earths. The addition of several percent of rare earths in the pores of the zeolite results in a strong surface acidity, which is essential for an efficient conversion of high-weight molecules into lighter species, like low-octane fuel, even in the very aggressive conditions of the petroleum industry. The popular demand for high-quality air in spite of the traffic congestion in large cities resulted in larger and larger constraints in the emission exhaust from cars. Thus highly efficient catalysts have had to be designed, and due to the combination of its redox properties and very good thermal stability, cerium oxide has been since the beginning, early in the 1980s, a major component of the three-way catalysts (TWC) now used in all modern gasoline cars. The future of rare earths in catalysis is probably bright. The fact that approximately 400 patents are applied for yearly in the area since 1992 is an illustration of a very active area. Usage of rare earths in catalysis is expected to grow due to their highly specific properties. Instead of the physical propertiesused in electronic applications, one deals now with redox properties, water and thermal stability, coordination numbers and so forth. The rare earths are so specific in these properties that their use can hardly be avoided, not only for the beauty of academic studies but a.…

Buch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - It is the belief of the editors of this book that the recognition of block copolymers as being amphiphilic molecules and sharing common features with other well-studied amphiphiles will prove beneficial to both the surfactant and the polymer communities. An aim of this book is to bridge the two communities and cross-fertilise the different fields. To this end, leading researchers in the field of amphiphilic block copolymer self-assembly, some having a background in surfactant chemistry, and others with polymer physics roots, have agreed to join forces and contribute to this book.The book consists of four entities. The first part discusses theoretical considerations behind the block copolymer self-assembly in solution and in the melt. The second part provides case studies of self-assembly in different classes of block copolymers (e.g., polyethers, polyelectrolytes) and in different environments (e.g., in water, in non-aqueous solvents, or in the absence of solvents). The third part presents experimental tools, ranging from static (e.g., small angle neutron scattering) to dynamic (e.g., rheology), which can prove valuable in the characterization of block copolymer self-assemblies. The fourth part offers a sampling of current applications of block copolymers in, e.g., formulations, pharmaceutics, and separations, applications which are based on the unique self-assembly properties of block copolymers.…