De gruyter jun 2025 (351 resultados)

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -This work looks at the gendered nature of the US video gaming industry. Although there were attempts to incorporate women into development roles and market towards them as players, the creation of video games and the industry began in a world strongly gendered male. The early 1980s saw a blip of hope that the counter-cultural industry focused on fun would begin to include women, but after the video game industry crash, this free-wheeling freedom of the industry ended along with the beginnings of the inclusion of women. Many of the threads that began in the early years continued or have parallels with the modern video game industry. The industry continues to struggle with gender relations in the workplace and with the strongly gendered male demographic that the industry perceives as its main market.…

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -This book is the first of its kind to provide an integrative look at World Englishes, (second) language acquisition, and sociolinguistics in a variety of contexts of English around the globe with a focus on the language of children and adolescents. It thus aims to bridge the paradigm gaps that have been identified between these approaches but have rarely been explored in greater detail. The range of topics includes the areas of first and second language acquisition; sociolinguistic variation and awareness; language use and choice; family language policies; language attitudes and perception; modelling children's and adolescents' language in World Englishes; the role of child language acquisition in processes of language change; as well as methodologies of eliciting speech and writing from children and adolescents. The book combines qualitative and quantitative approaches and draws on psycholinguistic, corpus-linguistic, and ethnographic methodologies. What unites the contributions to the volume is that they all address the theoretical implications that a joint approach between World Englishes, sociolinguistics, and language acquisition has, i.e. why it is fruitful and how it can contribute to a deeper understanding of the different research paradigms. 390 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -A focus on the everyday has produced this ethnography, which hopes to give a nuanced voice to an extended family of semi-sedentary nomads, living at the centre of a country and region known for its political turmoil, ecological insecurities, and socio-economic hardship. The everyday of the Chadian Walad Djifir is one in which sedentarity and mobility are approached as two entwined parts of a whole, and where economic and geographical boundaries do not necessarily form constrictions. The ferikh (nomadic camp) is where all of the Walad Djifir's networks meet, and often also begin- a physical place embodying various networks and connections, which span time and geographical space. This analytical and methodological approach gives insight in how regional trends can be understood in light of the Walad Djifir's daily lives. Over time, the Walad Djifir have developed ways of coping and dealing with insecurities, interacting with infrastructural, technological, and socio-political developments in specific ways. In exploring how such insecurities and crises become anchored into the everyday, the ferikh provides answers. It is precisely the mundane elements of daily life which anchor disruption. 254 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -The American military occupation of Germany lasted five years. During this time, Germany made great strides along the road from fascism to democracy, Europe became the fulcrum of the Cold War, and the United States emerged as a global superpower. This book corrects numerous misunderstandings and fills many gaps in our knowledge about the occupation. 524 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -A focus on the everyday has produced this ethnography, which hopes to give a nuanced voice to an extended family of semi-sedentary nomads, living at the centre of a country and region known for its political turmoil, ecological insecurities, and socio-economic hardship. The everyday of the Chadian Walad Djifir is one in which sedentarity and mobility are approached as two entwined parts of a whole, and where economic and geographical boundaries do not necessarily form constrictions. The ferikh (nomadic camp) is where all of the Walad Djifir's networks meet, and often also begin- a physical place embodying various networks and connections, which span time and geographical space. This analytical and methodological approach gives insight in how regional trends can be understood in light of the Walad Djifir's daily lives. Over time, the Walad Djifir have developed ways of coping and dealing with insecurities, interacting with infrastructural, technological, and socio-political developments in specific ways. In exploring how such insecurities and crises become anchored into the everyday, the ferikh provides answers. It is precisely the mundane elements of daily life which anchor disruption. 254 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -Clashes over the American family and its values have always implicitly or explicitly addressed issues of gender and highlighted the significance of present and future families to American society. This is the insight underpinning Isabel Heinemann's groundbreaking study, which traces, over the course of the twentieth century, debates on the family and its role; the relationship between the individual and society; and individual decision-making rights as well as their denial or curtailment. Unpacking these issues in a vivid and innovative analysis, the book recounts the prehistory of current conflicts over the family and gender while illuminating the relationship between social change, normative shifts, and the counter-movements spawned in response to them. 506 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -Clashes over the American family and its values have always implicitly or explicitly addressed issues of gender and highlighted the significance of present and future families to American society. This is the insight underpinning Isabel Heinemann's groundbreaking study, which traces, over the course of the twentieth century, debates on the family and its role; the relationship between the individual and society; and individual decision-making rights as well as their denial or curtailment. Unpacking these issues in a vivid and innovative analysis, the book recounts the prehistory of current conflicts over the family and gender while illuminating the relationship between social change, normative shifts, and the counter-movements spawned in response to them. 506 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - No detailed description available for 'Dwight Eisenhower and the Holocaust'.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - No detailed description available for 'Memories of German Colonialism in Tanzania'.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Travel and pilgrimage have become central research topics in recent years. Some archaeologists and historians have applied globalization theories to ancient intercultural connections. Classicists have rediscovered travel as a literary topic in Greek and Roman writing. Scholars of early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam have been rethinking long-familiar pilgrimage practices in new interdisciplinary contexts. This volume contributes to this flourishing field of study in two ways. First, the focus of its contributions is on experiences of travel. Our main question is: How did travelers in the ancient world experience and make sense of their journeys, real or imaginary, and of the places they visited Second, by treating Jewish, Christian, and Islamic experiences together, this volume develops a longue durée perspective on the ways in which travel experiences across these three traditions resembled each other. By focusing on 'experiences of travel,' we hope to foster interaction between the study of ancient travel in the humanities and that of broader human experience in the social sciences.…

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -Clashes over the American family and its values have always implicitly or explicitly addressed issues of gender and highlighted the significance of present and future families to American society. Isabel Heinemann's groundbreaking study traces deb.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -Based in central Chad, the Walad Djifir are part of extensive socio-economic networks, ranging from local and regional cattle markets, to Western Unions in Libya, and selling merchandise in the Central African Republic. The ferikh (nomadic camp) is where all of the Walad Djifir's networks meet, and often also begin--providing the departure point of this research. This analytical and methodological approach embraces the intricate relationships between sedentary and mobility, the mundane and the extreme, flexibility and expectations. The Walad Djifir have developed ways of coping and dealing with insecurities, historically interacting with infrastructural, technological, and socio-political developments in specific ways. In exploring how such insecurities and crises become anchored into the everyday, the ferikh provides answers. It is the mundane elements of daily life which give meaning to, and in so doing, anchor (potential) disruption.…

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -Reflecting Oil presents innovative reflections on crude oil, one of the most important fossil fuels characterising modern life: On the one hand, oil functions as a fuel for unrestricted mobility and on the other, as a basis for shaping the material world, thus laying the foundation for a ubiquitous petroculture.…

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - This book is the first of its kind to provide an integrative look at World Englishes, (second) language acquisition, and sociolinguistics in a variety of contexts of English around the globe with a focus on the language of children and adolescents. It thus aims to bridge the paradigm gaps that have been identified between these approaches but have rarely been explored in greater detail. The range of topics includes the areas of first and second language acquisition; sociolinguistic variation and awareness; language use and choice; family language policies; language attitudes and perception; modelling children's and adolescents' language in World Englishes; the role of child language acquisition in processes of language change; as well as methodologies of eliciting speech and writing from children and adolescents. The book combines qualitative and quantitative approaches and draws on psycholinguistic, corpus-linguistic, and ethnographic methodologies. What unites the contributions to the volume is that they all address the theoretical implications that a joint approach between World Englishes, sociolinguistics, and language acquisition has, i.e. why it is fruitful and how it can contribute to a deeper understanding of the different research paradigms.…

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -The theme of the book is the creation of tactics for littoral warfare - as opposed to the more common blue ocean perspective. Themes are how NATO perceived the goals of the enemy; the purposes of the NATO organisations, the military instruments they had to organise, the organization of cooperation among units from sovereign states, and how they tested their military capabilities. Research is based on war plans and tactics of the Danish and West German navies and their planned support from air forces. We follow the modernisations of the navies from guns to missiles. Tactical discussions among military top offi cers are laid bare, and intelligence reports about the Warsaw Pact and its military capabilities are presented. Exercises are analysed based on the military reports. 638 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -Over the last two decades, the study of graffiti has emerged as a bustling field, invigorated by increased appreciation for their historical, linguistic, sociological, and anthropological value and propelled by ambitious documentation projects. The growing understanding of graffiti as a perennial, universal phenomenon is spurring holistic consideration of this mode of graphic expression across time and space. Graffiti Scratched, Scrawled, Sprayed: Towards a Cross-Cultural Understanding complements recent efforts to showcase the diversity in creation, reception, and curation of graffiti around the globe, throughout history and up to the present day. Reflecting on methodology, concepts, and terminology as well as spatial, social, and historical contexts of graffiti, the book's fourteen chapters cover ancient Egypt, Rome, Northern Arabia, Persia, India, and the Maya; medieval Eastern Mediterranean, Turfan, and Dunhuang; and contemporary Tanzania, Brazil, China, and Germany. As a whole, the collection provides a comprehensive toolkit for newcomers to the field of graffiti studies and appeals to specialists interested in viewing these materials in a cross-cultural perspective. 512 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - The American military occupation of Germany lasted five years. During this time, Germany made great strides along the road from fascism to democracy, Europe became the fulcrum of the Cold War, and the United States emerged as a global superpower. This book corrects numerous misunderstandings and fills many gaps in our knowledge about the occupation.…

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - Reflecting Oil presents innovative reflections on crude oil, one of the most important fossil fuels characterising modern life: On the one hand, oil functions as a fuel for unrestricted mobility and on the other, as a basis for shaping the material world, thus laying the foundation for a ubiquitous petroculture. Yet despite these profound repercussions on our existence, crude oil is a substance we rarely encounter directly with our senses. This lack of contact is logical in view of its specific properties (unusual odor, toxicity, etc.), but the question arises as to why this connection is not explicitly sought after in the sciences. Reflecting Oil is the result of different artistic research processes which entailed practical handling and holistic observation of the raw substance in the context of petroculture. This mode of research focusing on sensory perception-such as the differentiation of colors and smells, etc., and aesthetic and symbolic interpretation-provided findings on the levels of multi-sensory and practical knowledge. Drawing on a collaboration between art and science, such interdisciplinary investigations into crude oil as the basis of our petromodernity can be vital for the necessary shift towards sustainable energy cultures. A more comprehensive understanding and awareness of how oil and fossil fuels shape our lives can stimulate the necessary cultural, social, and technological transformations towards a sustainable future. Artistic crude oil experiments Crude oil-based artworks Interdisciplinary and holistic reflection on the substance crude oil in the context of petroculture ; Die Buchreihe der Universität für angewandte Kunst Wien, Edition Angewandte, von Rektor emeritus Dr. Gerald Bast ins Leben gerufen, erscheint je nach Thema in den Verlagen Birkhäuser und De Gruyter. Sie umfasst Sammelbände, Dokumentationen und Monografien aus den Bereichen Architektur, Bildende und Mediale Kunst, Design, Konservierung und Restaurierung, Kunstwissenschaften, Kunstpädagogik, Kunstvermittlung sowie Sprachkunst. Seit ihrer Gründung im Jahr 2007 hat sich die Reihe als bedeutende Plattform für relevante Veröffentlichungen an der Schnittstelle von Kunst und Wissenschaft etabliert. Die Bücher erscheinen in deutscher wie auch in englischer Sprache.…

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - The theme of the book is the creation of tactics for littoral warfare - as opposed to the more common blue ocean perspective. Themes are how NATO perceived the goals of the enemy; the purposes of the NATO organisations, the military instruments they had to organise, the organization of cooperation among units from sovereign states, and how they tested their military capabilities. Research is based on war plans and tactics of the Danish and West German navies and their planned support from air forces. We follow the modernisations of the navies from guns to missiles. Tactical discussions among military top offi cers are laid bare, and intelligence reports about the Warsaw Pact and its military capabilities are presented. Exercises are analysed based on the military reports.…

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -Ein striktes Verbot der Eizellspende ist in einer liberalen Gesellschaft nicht gerechtfertigt. Dennoch ist sie mit Problemen behaftet, die nicht ignoriert werden sollten. Diese Arbeit untersucht jene Probleme aus moralphilosophischer Perspektive und zeigt Rahmenbedingungen auf, wie ein guter Umgang mit der Eizellspende gelingen kann. Zusätzlich werden zahlreiche Schnittstellen zu anderen Fortpflanzungsverfahren herausgestellt. 326 pp. Deutsch.…

Buch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -A new populist narrative circulated Europe in the late-nineteenth century. It concerned transnational networks of non-state actors, typically constructed as Jews, who were profiting from the coercion of young white females into prostitution abroad. 287 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -American Book Fest Awards 2025 Finalist in the Business: General category Finalist in the Business: Problem Solving category of the Goody Business Book Awards 2025The world doesnt work. But there is a way to make it work - its called design. In Redesigning Thinking, Clive Grinyer discusses service design - the holistic process of managing all the points in a customers journey with the provider, from the initial introduction down to the last customer interaction, with the purpose of designing each interaction and experience in a way that is user-friendly and relevant to the customer. He argues that design is a way to think more humanely, to create better business and navigate through complex systems to achieve successful outcomes. Sharing inspirational stories and examples of the power of design from around the world, he explores how service design methods combine data and research to understand how context and creativity can be used as a problem-solving tool to engineer, reframe, and deliver effective solutions and help organizations succeed. Whether you are a leader in business or in government, a practicing designer looking to use your skills to enhance your impact, or a student keen to use your creativity to improve the prospects of the planet and society, this book will challenge you to change how you think. It will help you make informed decisions and craft products and services designed to create solutions for the people who use them.Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Genthiner Strasse 13, 10785 Berlin Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - A focus on the everyday has produced this ethnography, which hopes to give a nuanced voice to an extended family of semi-sedentary nomads, living at the centre of a country and region known for its political turmoil, ecological insecurities, and socio-economic hardship. The everyday of the Chadian Walad Djifir is one in which sedentarity and mobility are approached as two entwined parts of a whole, and where economic and geographical boundaries do not necessarily form constrictions. The ferikh (nomadic camp) is where all of the Walad Djifir's networks meet, and often also begin- a physical place embodying various networks and connections, which span time and geographical space. This analytical and methodological approach gives insight in how regional trends can be understood in light of the Walad Djifir's daily lives. Over time, the Walad Djifir have developed ways of coping and dealing with insecurities, interacting with infrastructural, technological, and socio-political developments in specific ways. In exploring how such insecurities and crises become anchored into the everyday, the ferikh provides answers. It is precisely the mundane elements of daily life which anchor disruption.…

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -Reflecting Oil presents innovative reflections on crude oil, one of the most important fossil fuels characterising modern life: On the one hand, oil functions as a fuel for unrestricted mobility and on the other, as a basis for shaping the material world, thus laying the foundation for a ubiquitous petroculture. Yet despite these profound repercussions on our existence, crude oil is a substance we rarely encounter directly with our senses. This lack of contact is logical in view of its specific properties (unusual odor, toxicity, etc.), but the question arises as to why this connection is not explicitly sought after in the sciences. Reflecting Oil is the result of different artistic research processes which entailed practical handling and holistic observation of the raw substance in the context of petroculture. This mode of research focusing on sensory perceptionsuch as the differentiation of colors and smells, etc., and aesthetic and symbolic interpretationprovided findings on the levels of multi-sensory and practical knowledge. Drawing on a collaboration between art and science, such interdisciplinary investigations into crude oil as the basis of our petromodernity can be vital for the necessary shift towards sustainable energy cultures. A more comprehensive understanding and awareness of how oil and fossil fuels shape our lives can stimulate the necessary cultural, social, and technological transformations towards a sustainable future. - Artistic crude oil experiments Crude oilbased artworks Interdisciplinary and holistic reflection on the substance crude oil in the context of petrocultureWalter de Gruyter GmbH, Genthiner Strasse 13, 10785 Berlin 144 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - Clashes over the American family and its values have always implicitly or explicitly addressed issues of gender and highlighted the significance of present and future families to American society. This is the insight underpinning Isabel Heinemann's groundbreaking study, which traces, over the course of the twentieth century, debates on the family and its role; the relationship between the individual and society; and individual decision-making rights as well as their denial or curtailment. Unpacking these issues in a vivid and innovative analysis, the book recounts the prehistory of current conflicts over the family and gender while illuminating the relationship between social change, normative shifts, and the counter-movements spawned in response to them.…

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - Obdachlose gehören zum städtischen Alltag. Sie sind sichtbar und werden zugleich kaum wahrgenommen. Nadine Recktenwald blickt in die historischen Räume der Obdachlosen wie Asyle, Notunterkünfte und selbstangeeignete Orte. Sie untersucht deren Erfahrungen mit urbanen Strukturen, sozialstaatlichen Maßnahmen und gesellschaftlicher In- und Exklusion. In der Weimarer Republik profitierten Obdachlose erstmals von kommunaler Sozialfürsorge. Zugleich blieb Obdachlosigkeit bis 1974 ein Straftatbestand. Diese Ambivalenz zwischen Fürsorge und Strafe ermöglichte Handlungsspielräume für die Betroffenen ebenso wie für die staatlichen Akteure. Insbesondere aber nicht nur im Nationalsozialismus wurden Obdachlose verdrängt und verfolgt. Mit einem raumanalytischen Ansatz, umfangreichen Quellen und Einzelbiografien erforscht die Autorin, wie Obdachlose spezifische soziale Praktiken ausbildeten, um ihre gesellschaftliche Position zu beeinflussen. Eindrucksvoll zeigt sie die Interaktionen der Betroffenen untereinander ebenso wie mit Ämtern, der Justiz und den städtischen Öffentlichkeiten. Eine aufschlussreiche Sozial- und Stadtgeschichte der Obdachlosen in der Weimarer Republik, im Nationalsozialismus und in der Bundesrepublik. ; Obdachlose sind Teil der Großstadt. Sie leben mitten unter uns und dennoch verborgen in Asylen oder Verschlägen. Nadine Recktenwald blickt in die historischen Räume der Obdachlosen. Sie untersucht deren Erfahrungen mit urbanen Strukturen, sozialstaatlichen Maßnahmen und gesellschaftlicher In- und Exklusion. Eine aufschlussreiche Sozial- und Stadtgeschichte der Obdachlosen in der Weimarer Republik, im Nationalsozialismus und in der Bundesrepublik. 386 pp. Deutsch.…

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - Die interdisziplinäre Studie untersucht Lyrik, die in städtischen Räumen zu sehen oder zu hören ist. Aus literaturwissenschaftlicher Perspektive interessieren vor allem die Ästhetik, Sprachgestaltung und Ortsbezüglichkeit der präsentierten Lyrik, aus stadtsoziologischer Sicht die Einbindung der Projekte in stadtpolitische Konstellationen, Debatten über öffentliche Räume und ihr Beitrag zur Produktion des jeweiligen Raums. Das Spektrum der analysierten Lyrikprojekte ist vielfältig. Es reicht von Wandgedichten an Hausfassaden und Audiowalks in Stadtvierteln über Gedichte auf Lesezeichen, die vom Hubschrauber auf öffentliche Plätze abgeworfen werden, oder großformatige Projektionen an repräsentative Gebäude einer Stadt bis zu informellen, durch Dichter:innen oder Anwohner:innen initiierte Formen, etwa Gedichte auf kopierten Zetteln, die in Parks oder U-Bahnen aufgehängt werden und derart ihr 'Recht auf Stadt' (Henri Lefebvre) beanspruchen. Lyrikprojekte in urbanen Räumen wurden bisher nicht untersucht. Die Studie schließt nicht nur dieses Desiderat der Lyrikforschung, sondern bietet durch den interdisziplinären Ansatz kreative Interpretationen von Gedichten in städtischen Kontexten, die für ein breites Lesepublikum interessant sind. 306 pp. Deutsch.…

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -Die Psychoanalyse, die das Unbewusste erforscht, gab Künstler\*innen des 20. und 21. Jahrhunderts neue Konzepte, Termini sowie wertvolle psychologische Werkzeuge an die Hand, um mit dem gesellschaftlichen Phänomen der Gewalt gegen Frauen umzugehen. Der Band präsentiert bahnbrechende Forschungen zur Repräsentation geschlechtsspezifischer Gewalt in der Kunst. Kulturelle Konstruktionen, die mit dem Phänomen verwoben sind, werden untersucht, und Strategien der Gegenpositionierung in Kunst und Psychoanalyse, die auf verschiedenen Kontinenten entwickelt wurden, offengelegt. Zu den Künstler\*innen zählen Oskar Kokoschka, María Izquierdo, Grete Stern, Dorothea Tanning, Ana Mendieta, Kiki Kogelnik, Marina Abramovi¿, Soli Kiani, Sigalit Landau, Hava Raucher sowie die Filmemacherin Ruth Beckermann und die Philosophin Hélène Cixous. Blick ins Buch Mit Beiträgen in Englisch und Deutsch und Abstracts in der jeweils anderen Sprache.…

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -Der Band repräsentiert die internationale Diskussion über Christologie protestantischer, römisch-katholischer und anglikanischer Provenienz. Fokussiert werden Innovationen in den Wissenschaften vom Neuen Testament und der Patristik auf Christologie hin, indem zwei aktuelle Entwürfe von Christologie diskutiert werden, in denen die Dimensionen Kreuz, Auferweckung, Menschwerdung, 'Jesus Remembered' neu bearbeitet sind.…

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -Die mediterrane Welt des Mittelalters und der Frühen Neuzeit ist durch vielfältige transkulturelle Verflechtungen geprägt, bedingt durch Dynastien, religiöse Gruppenbildungen, Handelsverbindungen, Pilgerreisen, Kriegszüge, Fluchtbewegungen, Seeraub und Sklaverei. Deutschsprachige Akteur/-innen haben solche Konnektivitäten auf vielfältige Weise und in unterschiedlichen Konjunkturen mitgeprägt. Der Band fragt vor dem Hintergrund jüngerer geschichtswissenschaftlicher, kunst- und kulturhistorischer sowie romanistischer Forschungen, die das Mediterraneaum als einen transkulturellen Interaktionsraum nicht nur der Akteure und Dinge, sondern auch der Sprachen und Literaturen zeigen, nach seiner spezifischen Relevanz auch für die deutsche Literatur der Vormoderne. Die germanistischen, romanistischen, jiddistischen und kunsthistorischen Beiträge des Bandes untersuchen, wie deutschsprachige Texte mit literarischen Traditionen der Mittelmeerregion vernetzt sind, wie sie das Mittelmeer darstellen und funktionalisieren, sowie welche Poetiken sie in Bezug auf das Mittelmeer entwickeln, sei es als Vehikel der Selbststilisierung oder im Sinne geteilter Ästhetiken und Episteme. Der Band verdeutlicht, wie eine mediterrane Rahmung als heuristische Alternative zu nationalphilologischen und eurozentrierten Betrachtungsweisen die Entwicklung transkultureller Perspektiven auf die deutsche Literatur der Vormoderne befördern kann.…