Idioma: Inglés
Publicado por Böhlau, Brill Deutschland Gmbh Sep 2014, 2014
ISBN 10: 3412221279 ISBN 13: 9783412221270
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 59,00
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoBuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - IFor several years, space has been developing into an issue of growing importance in the field of urban history. The uses of space as well as memorial cultures in a spatial context have attracted a particular interest. The contributions to the present volume, predominantly written in English, engage with this spatial turn . They focus especially on the functions of the city (e.g. market, commerce) and city development, on the city space and its representation, on the city and its hinterland , and on the development of urban districts. These topics will be discussed with reference to European cities in the medieval and the modern periods.; In der Stadtgeschichtsforschung spielen der Raum, die Nutzung von Raum und die Erinnerungskulturen im Kontext des Raumes seit einigen Jahren eine große Rolle. Die überwiegend englischsprachigen Beiträge des Bandes thematisieren diesen 'spatial turn', wobei vor allem die Funktionen der Stadt - etwa Markt, Handel und Stadtentwicklung -, der Stadtraum und seine Repräsentation, die Stadt und ihr 'Hinterland' sowie die Entwicklung von Stadtvierteln am Beispiel europäischer Städte in Mittelalter und Neuzeit vorgestellt werden.
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 97,44
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoTaschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - This book is based on iterative multi-sited ethnography at Merrivale farm, Tavaka village, and various sites in South Africa. The author reveals how the dynamics generated by fast-track potentially offer new development opportunities - specifically for women. The findings challenge existing expert notions and opinions about women's rural land use, livelihoods, and rural development. The book examines how negotiations and bargaining by women with family, state, and traditional actors have proved useful in accessing land in Mwenezi district, Zimbabwe. The hidden, complex, and innovative ways adopted by women to access land and shape livelihoods based on transitory mobility are examined. The role of collective action, conflicts, conflict resolution, and women's agency in overcoming the challenges associated with trading in South Africa are examined within the ambit of the sustainable livelihoods framework, a gendered approach to land reform and social networks analysis.
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 98,08
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoTaschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - Race and Racism in Modern East Asia juxtaposes Western racial constructions of East Asians with constructions of race and their outcomes in modern East Asia. It is the first endeavor to explicitly and coherently link constructions of race and racism in both regions. These constructions have not only played a decisive role in shaping the relations between the West and East Asia since the mid nineteenth century, but also exert substantial influence on current relations and mutual images in both the East-West nexus and East Asia. Written by some of the field's leading authorities, this groundbreaking 21-chapter volume offers an analysis of these constructions, their evolution and their interrelations.
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 112,33
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoTaschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - Drawing upon data from the phonologies, morphologies, numeral systems, constituent orders, case systems, and lexicons of the world's languages, Quantifying Language Dynamics introduces new, quantitative methodologies for understanding language contact, evolution, and patterns of phylogenetic descent.
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 130,55
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoTaschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - Many of the world's greatest novels have been translated into Persian. Though Iranian novelists are almost completely unknown in the outside world. It is still classical literature that represents Iran. What delays the globalization of Persian novels As a response, the present study deals with questions about the novel in the Persian literary system, the literary discourse in the Iranian cultural context and modern Persian literature on the global scene.
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 146,59
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoTaschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - Africa in Scotland, Scotland in Africa provides scholarly, interdisciplinary analysis of the historical and contemporary relationships, links and networks between Scotland, Africa and the African diaspora. The book interrogates these links from a variety of perspectives - historical, political, economic, religious, diplomatic, and cultural - and assesses the mutual implications for past, present and future relationships. The socio-historical connection between Scotland and Africa is illuminated by the many who have shaped the history of African nationalism, education, health, and art in respective contexts of Africa, Britain, the Caribbean and the USA. The book contributes to the empirical, theoretical and methodological development of European African Studies, and thus fills a significant gap in information, interpretation and analysis of the specific historical and contemporary relationships between Scotland, Africa and the African diaspora.Contributors are: Afe Adogame, Andrew Lawrence, Esther Breitenbach, John McCracken, Markku Hokkanen, Olutayo Charles Adesina, Marika Sherwood, Caroline Bressey, Janice McLean, Everlyn Nicodemus, Kristian Romare, Oluwakemi Adesina, Elijah Obinna, Damaris Seleina Parsitau, Kweku Michael Okyerefo, Musa Gaiya and Jordan Rengshwat, Vicky Khasandi-Telewa, Kenneth Ross, Magnus Echtler, and Geoff Palmer.
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 169,00
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoTaschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - The differences between agricultural law and food law are becoming progressively blurred. This is only natural because both intend to control that food products placed in the market are safe and respond to a certain standard of quality. In their present form, both are relatively new legal disciplines, evolving and expanding very rapidly and a great number of new and transcendental regulations (and an increasing number of compulsory private rules) are being enacted to respond to new realities. One of these new realities is the legal protection of quality in food. Once almost exclusively applied to a limited number of traditional well-known products and now extended to many products covered by designations of origin or geographical indications. Another area is food safety, a major concern of the legislator. Food alerts, recalls and withdrawals have been carefully regulated to guarantee a rapid and efficient reaction, but these legal mechanisms appear to be less well-designed when dealing with the unwanted consequences of unjustified alerts. A third topic is food prices and trading conditions, an area that cannot always be completely left to unregulated market-forces due to the special nature of the product involved. The above issues are analysed by several experts from different legal backgrounds and countries, a varied approach adequate to the hybrid nature of food law.
EUR 167,90
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoTaschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - The field of Venetian studies has experienced a significant expansion in recent years, and the Companion to Venetian History, 1400-1797 provides a single volume overview of the most recent developments. It is organized thematically and covers a range of topics including political culture, economy, religion, gender, art, literature, music, and the environment. Each chapter provides a broad but comprehensive historical and historiographical overview of the current state and future directions of research. The Companion to Venetian History, 1400-1797 represents a new point of reference for the next generation of students of early modern Venetian studies, as well as more broadly for scholars working on all aspects of the early modern world.Contributors are Alfredo Viggiano, Benjamin Arbel, Michael Knapton, Claudio Povolo, Luciano Pezzolo, Anna Bellavitis, Anne Schutte, Guido Ruggiero, Benjamin Ravid, Silvana Seidel Menchi, Cecilia Cristellon, David D'Andrea, Elisabeth Crouzet-Pavan, Wolfgang Wolters, Dulcia Meijers, Massimo Favilla, Ruggero Rugolo, Deborah Howard, Linda Carroll, Jonathan Glixon, Paul Grendler, Edward Muir, William Eamon, Edoardo Demo, Margaret King, Mario Infelise, Margaret Rosenthal and Ronnie Ferguson.
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 209,64
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoBuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - This study examines the transmission and transformation of commonplace wisdom in Renaissance humanism by tracing a series of filiations between classical sayings, anecdotes, and exampes and Renaissance poems, essays, and fictions. The circulation of commonplaces can be understood either as a process of reanimation and revitalization, where frozen sayings thaw out and come to life, or conversely as a process of immobilization and incrustation that petrifies tradition. The paradigmatic figure for this process is the proverbial dance around the well, which expresses both the danger and the compulsion of borrowed speech.
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 226,45
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoBuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - In Secrets: Humanism, Mysticism, and Evangelism in Erasmus of Rotterdam, Bishop Guillaume Briçonnet, and Marguerite de Navarre, Jacob Vance explores how Erasmus and French Renaissance humanists made secrecy central to their spiritual and profane literature to advance their reforms initiatives.
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 228,03
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoBuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - Did the first generation Holocaust writers not warn us against the risks of imagination Does it not create an illusion that the unimaginable can be imagined, the unrepresentable represented Clearly this warning has not been taken up by David Grossman. Fully embracing imagination's power, his novel See under: Love offers a profound reflection on how the twenty-first century can assume the heritage of the Shoah and remember the 'unmemorable' in a proper way. The essays in this volume reflect on this one novel, though each from its own angle. Focusing on one single novel shows the surplus value of a multispectral reflection on one central problem, in this case the allegedly inconceivable and unspeakable nature of the Shoah.
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 228,03
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoBuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - Bård Kårtveit offers an ethnographic account of contemporary Christian Palestinian lives in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. Lives which are heavily influenced by changes in traditional patriarchal family structures; Christian-Muslim relations in the region; Israeli military presence; and the promise of migration.
Idioma: Inglés
Publicado por Koninklijke Brill BV Sep 2014, 2014
ISBN 10: 9004255044 ISBN 13: 9789004255043
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 234,23
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoBuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - In Psalm 18 in Words and Pictures: A Reading Through Metaphor, Alison Gray engages in an in-depth study of the figurative language of Psalm 18, demonstrating the necessity of a dynamic approach to metaphor interpretation within a given textual unit. As one of the longest and most elaborate in the Hebrew Bible, Psalm 18 provides fertile soil for studying the interplay between words and images. While previous studies of the Psalm have focused on questions of form, structure, or unity - as well the relation to its Doppeltext of 2 Samuel 22 - Alison Gray explores the ways in which a metaphor-oriented hermeneutic enriches the psalm's translation and exegesis.
EUR 237,09
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoBuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - The Gender Challenge of Hebrew is the first book to delve in depth into the problem of gender representation over the 3,000-year history of the Hebrew language. By analyzing and illustrating the grammatical characteristics of gender in Biblical, Mishnaic, Medieval and Modern Hebrew, Malka Muchnik reveals the social and cultural issues that they reflect. Gender discrimination in all periods of Hebrew is shown in sacred, liturgical and literary texts, as well as in the popular language spoken today. All of them testify to the problematic status of women, who were traditionally excluded from religious studies and public activities, and in recent decades have been struggling to change this practice. Malka Muchnik shows that linguistic change remains a challenging goal.
EUR 247,42
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoBuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - The recent economic crisis, and the challenges to democracy in an increasingly globalized world, brings into sharp relief the importance of mass communication. This volume explores a range of issues, from the nature of communication, to the role of the media industry, to the way that mass communication has facilitated social movements in many parts of the world. Revisiting the works of Karl Marx and others, the essays bring a new perspective and a renewed interest in critical analyses of communication practices globally. This collection represents the cutting edge of communication research introducing a new generation of scholars to understanding changes in the way we learn about our society.Contributors are: Arthur Asa Berger, Oliver Boyd-Barrett, Savas Çoban, John Bellamy Foster, Christian Fuchs, Douglas Kellner, Robert W. McChesney, David Miller, Marisol Sandoval, Nick Stevenson, Gerald Sussman, Mandy Tröger, and Michael Wayne.
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 247,42
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoBuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - Richard Müller, a leading figure of the German Revolution in 1918, is unknown today. As the operator and unionist who represented Berlin's metalworkers, he was main organiser of the 'Revolutionary Stewards', a clandestine network that organised a series of mass strikes between 1916 and 1918. With strong support in the factories, the Revolutionary Stewards were the driving force of the Revolution. By telling Müller's story, this study gives a very different account of the revolutionary birth of the Weimar Republic. Using new archival sources and abandoning the traditional focus on the history of political parties, Ralf Hoffrogge zooms in on working class politics on the shop floor and its contribution to social change.First published in German by Karl Dietz Verlag as Richard Müller - Der Mann hinter der November Revolution, Berlin, 2008, this english edition was completerly revised for the english speaking audience and contains new sources and recent literature.
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 247,42
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoBuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - In The Imagined and Real Jerusalem in Art and Architecture specialists in various fields of art history, from Early Christian times to the present, articulate a variety of cultural, religious and political implications of the visualization of Jerusalem. This collection of essays calls attention to two axes emerging from the study of Jerusalem in art: on the one hand, the volatile contemporary situation, and on the other hand, the abiding chain of meanings that history imparts to the city. From a contemporary perspective and within a broad historical context, the book discusses in depth a series of Western artworks, artefacts, and buildings providing new insights into memory processes and mechanisms of representation of Jerusalem.
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 245,47
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoTaschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - The Africa Yearbook covers major domestic political developments, the foreign policy and socio-economic trends in sub-Sahara Africa - all related to developments in one calendar year. The Yearbook contains articles on all sub-Saharan states, each of the four sub-regions (West, Central, Eastern, Southern Africa) focusing on major cross-border developments and sub-regional organizations as well as one article on continental developments and one on African-European relations. While the articles have thorough academic quality, the Yearbook is mainly oriented to the requirements of a large range of target groups: students, politicians, diplomats, administrators, journalists, teachers, practitioners in the field of development aid as well as business people.The Africa Yearbook has won the ASA 2012 Conover-Porter Book Award!
EUR 248,73
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoBuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - According to legend, the Mandylion was an image of Christ's face imprinted on a towel, kept in Edessa. This acheiopoieton image ('not made by human hands') disappeared in the eighteenth century. The first records of another acheiropoieton relic appeared in mid-fourteenth century France: a long linen bearing the image of Jesus' corpse, known nowadays as the Holy Shroud of Turin. Some believe the Mandylion and the Shroud to be the same object, first kept in Edessa, later translated to Constantinople, France and Italy. Andrea Nicolotti traces back the legend of the Edessean image in history and art, focusing especially on elements that could prove its identity with the Shroud, concluding that the Mandylion and the Shroud are two distinct objects.
Idioma: Inglés
Publicado por Koninklijke Brill BV Sep 2014, 2014
ISBN 10: 9004278389 ISBN 13: 9789004278387
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 248,45
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoBuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - Early Christian-Muslim Debate on the Unity of God examines the writings of three of the earliest known Christian theologians to write comprehensive theological works in Arabic. Theodore Abu Qurra, Abu Ra'i?a and 'Ammar al-Ba?ri provide valuable insight into early Christian-Muslim debate shortly after the rise of the Islamic empire. Through close examination of their writings on the doctrine of the Trinity, Sara Husseini demonstrates the creativity of these theologians, who make use of language, style and argumentation characteristic of Islamic theological thought (kalam), in order to help articulate their long-established religious truths. Husseini offers close analysis of the authors individually and comparatively, exploring their engagement with Islamic theology and their role in this fascinating period.
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 248,73
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoBuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - Winner of the 2015 Bibliography Award from the Association of Jewish Libraries! The AJL Judaica Bibliography Award was established to encourage the publication of outstanding Judaica bibliographies.The intellectual legacy of the ancient community of Iranian Jews rests in several large but neglected Judeo-Persian manuscript collections. The largest in the West, and the third largest collection in the world (198 manuscripts), belongs to the Library of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, New York. Primarily a work of reference, this Catalog informs scholars in the fields of Judaica and Iranica about the range of subjects (history, poetry, medicine, philology, etc.) that engaged Iranian Jews between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries. It reflects the intellectual parameters of Iranian Jewry by describing the extent to which they were acquainted with classical Jewish texts while they were deeply enmeshed in the literary and artistic sensibilities of their Iranian environment.
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 259,07
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoBuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - In this annotated critical edition of Aristotle's Metaphysics Lambda Stefan Alexandru draws upon many hitherto unexplored sources of the direct and indirect tradition, inter alia upon an independent Greek manuscript he has discovered in the Vatican Library.
Idioma: Inglés
Publicado por Koninklijke Brill BV Sep 2014, 2014
ISBN 10: 9004242937 ISBN 13: 9789004242937
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 261,51
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoBuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - What is the relationship between music and time How does musical rhythm express our social experience of time In Groove: An Aesthetic of Measured Time, Mark Abel explains the rise to prominence in Western music of a new way of organising rhythm: groove. He provides a historical account of its emergence around the turn of the twentieth century, and analyses the musical components which make it work.Tracing the influence of key philosophical arguments about the nature of time on musical aesthetics, Mark Abel draws on materialist interpretations of art and culture to challenge those, like Adorno, who criticise popular music's metrical regularity. He concludes that groove does not simply reflect the temporality of contemporary society, but, by incorporating abstract time into its very structure, is capable of effecting a critique of it.
Idioma: Inglés
Publicado por Koninklijke Brill BV Sep 2014, 2014
ISBN 10: 9004262024 ISBN 13: 9789004262027
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 261,35
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoBuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - Cathy Byrne presents the secular principle as a guiding compass for religion in government schools in plural democracies. Using in-depth case studies, historical and contextual research from Australia, and comparisons with other developed nations, Religion in Secular Education provides a comprehensive, at times confronting, analysis of the ideologies, policies, pedagogies, and practices for state-school religion. In the context of rising demands for students to develop intercultural competence and interreligious literacy, and alongside increasing Christian evangelism in the public arena, this book highlights risks and implications as education develops religious identity - in individual children and in nation states. Byrne proposes a best practice framework for nations attempting to navigate towards socially inclusive outcomes and critical thinking in religions education policy.
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 261,67
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoBuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - Dynamics of Neo-Latin and the Vernacular offers a collection of studies that deal with the cultural exchange between Neo-Latin and the vernacular, and with the very cultural mobility that allowed for the successful development of Renaissance bilingual culture. Studying a variety of multilingual issues of language and poetics, of translation and transfer, its authors interpret Renaissance cross-cultural contact as a radically dynamic, ever-shifting process of making cultural meaning. With renewed attention for suitable theoretical and methodological frames of reference, Dynamics of Neo-Latin and the Vernacular firmly resists literary history's temptation to pin down the Early Modern relationship between languages, literatures and cultures, in favour of stressing the sheer variety and variability of that relationship itself.Contributors are Jan Bloemendal, Ingrid De Smet, Annet den Haan, Tom Deneire, Beate Hintzen, David Kromhout, Bettina Noak, Ingrid Rowland, Johanna Svensson, Harm-Jan van Dam, Guillaume van Gemert, Eva van Hooijdonk, and Ümmü Yüksel.
Idioma: Inglés
Publicado por Koninklijke Brill BV Sep 2014, 2014
ISBN 10: 9004192182 ISBN 13: 9789004192188
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 269,74
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoBuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - This bilingual edition of the Synopsis Purioris Theologiae (1625) makes available for the first time to English readers a seminal treatise of Reformed Scholasticism. Composed by four professors of Leiden University (Johannes Polyander, Andreas Rivetus, Antonius Walaeus, and Anthonius Thysius), it gives an exhaustive yet concise presentation of Reformed theology as it was conceived in the first decades of the seventeenth century. From a decidedly Reformed perspective, the Christian doctrine is defined in contrast with alternative or opposite views (Catholic, Spiritualist, Arminian, Socinian). Both on the academic level and on the ecclesiastical level, the Synopsis responds to challenges coming from the immediate context of the early seventeenth century. The disputations of this first volume cover topics such as Scripture, doctrine of God, Trinity, creation, sin, Law and Gospel. Volume One was published in 2014, Volume Two came out in 2016. Volume Three, the final volume, is expected late 2019.
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 275,26
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoBuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - 'Research on the function and semantics of the verbal system in Hebrew (and Semitics in general) has been in constant ferment since McFall's 1982 work The Enigma of the Hebrew Verbal System. Elizabeth Robar's analysis provides the best solution to this point, combining cognitive linguistics, cross-linguistics, diachronic and synchronic analysis. Her solution is brilliant, innovative, and supremely satisfying in interpreting all the data with great explanatory power. Let us hope this research will be quickly implemented in grammars of Hebrew.'Peter J. Gentry, Donald L. Williams Professor of Old Testament Interpretation, The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville, KY.In The Verb and the Paragraph in Biblical Hebrew, Elizabeth Robar employs cognitive linguistics to unravel the notorious grammatical quandary in biblical Hebrew: explaining the waw consecutive, as well as other poorly understood verbal forms (e.g. with paragogic suffixes). She explains that languages must communicate the shape of thought units: including the prototypical paragraph, with its beginning, middle and ending; and its message. She demonstrates how the waw consecutive is both simpler and more nuanced than often argued. It neither foregrounds nor is a preterite, but it enables highly embedded textual structures. She also shows how allegedly anomalous forms may be used for thematic purposes, guiding the reader to the author's intended interpretation for the text as it stands.
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 276,28
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoBuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - In Politics of Art Zhiguang Yin investigates the political engagement and theoretical contribution to ideological politics of the intellectuals from Creation Society in the1920s.
EUR 281,05
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoBuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - This collection takes the classical truth-conditional view of formal semantics one step further and closer to a realistic semantic theory that covers speaker's intentions, the knowledge of discourse participants, and the meaning of vague or paradoxical utterances.
Librería: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Alemania
EUR 281,05
Cantidad disponible: 2 disponibles
Añadir al carritoBuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - Listen, Copy, Read: Popular Learning in Early Modern Japan endeavors to elucidate the mechanisms by which a growing number of men and women of all social strata became involved in the acquisition of knowledge and skills during the Tokugawa period.