The Advanced Theory of Language as Choice and Chance - Tapa blanda

Sinopsis

1. Introduction.- 1.1. Historical sketch.- 1.2. Language as a mass phenomenon - 'Quantity Survey' of language.- 1.3. Chance as a factor of linguistic expression and language structure.- 1.4. Structuralism and statistical linguistics.- 1.5. Language as choice and chance.- 1.6. De Saussure's 'Principe Linéaire' and geometrical duality.- 1.7. Literary statistics, a new branch of applied statistics.- 1.8. Plan of the book.- I. Language as Chance I - Statistical Linguistics.- 2. Stability of Linguistic Distributions.- 2.1. A fundamental law of communication.- 2.2. Frequency distributions of linguistics - Experimental data.- 2.3. The statistical interpretation of de Saussure's 'langue-parole' dichotomy.- 2.4. Comparison by rule-of-thumb methods.- 2.5. Comparison by methods of statistical inference.- 2.5.1. Standard error test.- 2.5.2. Chi-square test.- 2.6. Interpretation of test results.- 2.7. Simple and complex distributions.- 2.8. A practical criterion of stability of linguistic distributions.- 3. Explanation of Stability of Linguistic Distributions.- 3.1. Overlap between texts in vocabulary and frequency of occurrence.- 3.2. The relation between grammar and lexicon.- 3.3. The 'grammar load' of a language - Methods of assessment.- 3.4. Grammar as a factor of the stability of linguistic distributions.- 3.5. The mutually limiting action of grammar and lexicon components.- 3.6. Doubts about the stability of the phonemic (alphabetic) distribution.- 4. Application of the Theory of Stability of Alphabetic Distributions to a Problem of Language Mixture.- 4.1. Problems in connection with language mixture.- 4.2. The alphabetic distribution of nouns.- 4.3. The multiplicative law of the noun-initial distribution.- 4.4. Comparison of the LR component of English with Mediaeval Latin.- II. Language as Choice I - Stylostatistics.- 5. Style as a Statistical Concept.- 5.1. Quantitative features of style.- 5.2. Using statistics for determining the chronological order of texts.- 5.3. Richness of vocabulary.- 5.4. How text length in English is accounted for by vocabulary.- 5.5. The general relation between vocabulary and text length.- 5.6. Vocabulary ratios.- 5.7. Special and total vocabulary - Romance vocabulary in Chaucer's 'Canterbury Tales'.- 5.8. Generalisation of the quantitative law of language mixture.- 5.8.1. Explanation of the quantitative law of language mixture.- 5.9. Unsuitable mathematical models in language statistics, and their consequences.- 5.9.1. The Zipf law as an unsuitable model.- 5.9.2. The Mandelbrot Canonical Law - Shortcomings from the theoretical and practical angles.- 5.9.3. The so-called 'Law of Least Effort' in language.- 6. Word Count Mathematics.- 6.1. Central values and values of dispersion.- 6.2. The frequency distribution of vocabulary.- 6.3. Sampling methods for word counts.- 6.4. Illustration - The Russian word count.- 6.5. A statistical paradox and its explanation.- 6.6. A new statistical parameter - The 'Characteristic'.- 6.7. Style as a statistical concept.- 6.8. Yule's experiment.- 6.9. vm as a measure of the 'langue-parole' duality.- 6.10. Characteristic and Entropy.- 6.11. Summary.- 6.12. Words and concepts - Professional codes.- 6.12.1. Size vs. content of concepts.- 6.13. Stability of the distribution of grammar forms - Recurrence of particular grammar forms as stabilising factor.- 6.13.1. The Russian grammar-form count.- 6.13.2. Discussion.- 6.14. The chance distribution of grammar forms.- 6.15. The sound and symbol duality (Chinese).- 6.15.1. The Chinese dictionary - Radical and Phonetic.- 6.15.2. The duality principle of a Chinese dictionary.- 6.15.3. Distribution of characters according to stroke number of phonetic.- 6.15.4. Distribution of sub-classes to radicals according to the number of ideograms per sub-class.- 6.15.5. Taxonomic structure of the Chinese dictionary - Chance as a factor of Chinese lexicography.- 7. Style Relationships - Bi-Variate Stylostatistics.- 7.1. Joint w

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