Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans: Controlling Garbage and Plastic Wastes at Sea - Tapa dura

Sinopsis

Marine debris is a serious environmental problem. To do its part, the United States has agreed to abide by the international treaty for garbage control at sea, known as MARPOL 73/78 Annex V.

Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans explores the challenge of translating Annex V into workable laws and regulations for all kinds of ships and boats, from cruise ships to fishing crafts and recreational boats. The volume examines how existing resources can be leveraged into a comprehensive strategy for compliance, including integrated waste management systems and effective enforcement.

Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans describes both progress toward and obstacles to Annex V compliance. The book covers:

• How shipborne garbage orignates and what happens to garbage discharged into the seas.
• Effects of discharge on human health, wildlife safety, and aesthetics.
• Differences in perspective among military, industrial, and recreational seafarers and shoreside facilities.

Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans will be important to marine policymakers, port administrators, ship operations officers, maritime engineers, and marine ecologists.

• Front Matter
• EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
• FATES AND EFFECTS OF MARINE DEBRIS
• THE VESSEL GARBAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
• EDUCATION AND TRAINING
• OVERARCHING ISSUES
• RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GOVERNMENT ACTION
• National Leadership
• Coast Guard
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
• Maritime Administration (MARAD)
• 1 Dimensions of the Challenge and U.S. Progress
• INTERNATIONAL AND U.S. MANDATES
• PROGRESS IN U.S. IMPLEMENTATION OF ANNEX V
• U.S. Navy Compliance
• State Initiatives
• Pilot Programs by Community and Environmental Groups
• Special Situations: The Gulf of Mexico
• THE CHALLENGES AHEAD
• REFERENCES
• 2 Sources, Fates, and Effects of Shipborne Garbage
• IDENTIFYING VESSEL GARBAGE IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
• SOURCES OF SHIPBORNE GARBAGE
• Recreational Boats
• Commercial Fisheries
• Cargo Ships
• Small Public Vessels
• Offshore Industry Rigs, Platforms, and Supply Vessels
• Passenger Cruise Ships
• Research Vessels
• General Observations
• Implications for Special Areas
• Implications for Implementation of Annex V
• Human Health Problems
• Ecological Effects
• Entanglement of Marine Animals
• Ingestion of Plastics by Marine Species
• SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• 3 Implementation
• HAZARD EVOLUTION MODEL
• Interventions to Remedy the Hazard
• Technological Innovations
• Organizational and Operational Changes
• Educational Communication
• Economic Incentives
• Application of the Model to the Seafarer Communities
• SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• 4 Elements of an Implementation Strategy
• INTRODUCTION
• Intelligence
• Analysis of Interventions
• Intelligence
• Control
• Analysis of Interventions
• Intelligence
• Control
• Analysis of Interventions
• Intelligence
• Intelligence
• Control
• Intelligence
• Control
• Analysis of Interventions
• Control
• Analysis of Interventions
• Intelligence
• Analysis of Interventions
• Intelligence
• Control
• Analysis of Interventions
• REFERENCES
• 5 Integrating Vessel and Shoreside Garbage Management
• PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT
• Source Reduction
• On-Board Storage
• Shoreside Recycling
• Compactors
• Comminuters, Pulpers, and Shredders
• Incinerators
• Enhancing Shipboard Technology Development and Use
• GARBAGE MANAGEMENT IN PORTS
• Garbage Management Strategies
• ENHANCING THE VESSEL GARBAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
• Quarantine Requirements
• Port Accountability
• Liability
• Who Should Pay?
• SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• 6 Education and Training
• Public Awareness Campaigns
• Management Education and Training
• EXPERIENCE BASE RELATED TO ANNEX V
• Marine Debris Information Offices
• Efforts Targeting Boaters
• Port Projects
• Efforts Involving Industry
• Public Awareness Programs
• Information Exchange
• A MODEL ANNEX V EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAM
• Leadership
• Secure Funding
• SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• THE NEED FOR LEADERSHIP
• U.S. ENFORCEMENT OF ANNEX V
• Clarify Extent of Port State Authorities
• Simplify Handling of Civil Cases
• Track and Punish Repeat Violators
• Monitor Garbage Handling Practices
• Surveillance by Ship Operators
• ISSUES RELATED TO SPECIAL AREAS
• Implementation of Annex V in the Wider Caribbean
• SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• 8 Measuring Progress in Implementation of Annex V
• RECORD KEEPING AS A MEASURE OF IMPLEMENTATION
• Assessing Annex V Implementation Internationally
• Surveys of Beach Debris
• Monitoring Trends in Biological Impacts
• Monitoring Plastics in the Marine Environment
• Benthic Surveys of Plastic Debris
• Data Collection and Management
• REFERENCES
• 9 National Strategy
• IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING STRATEGIES AND TACTICS
• Recreational Boats and Their Marinas
• Commercial Fisheries and Their Fleet Ports
• Cargo Ships and Their Itinerary Ports
• Passenger Day Boats, Ferries, and Their Terminals
• Small Public Vessels and Their Home Ports
• Offshore Platforms, Rigs, Supply Vessels, and Their Shore Bases
• Navy Surface Combatant Vessels and Their Home Ports
• Passenger Cruise Ships and Their Itinerary Ports
• Research Vessels and Their Ports of Call
• 10 Federal Action to Improve Implementation of Annex V
• SCIENTIFIC MONITORING
• VESSEL/SHORE INTERFACE
• ON-BOARD TECHNOLOGIES
• ENFORCEMENT
• EDUCATION AND TRAINING
• NATIONAL LEADERSHIP
• APPENDIXES
• APPENDIX A Committee on Shipborne Wastes Biographical Information
• Regulation 1
• Regulation 4
• Regulation 5
• Regulation 6
• Regulation 7
• 1 Introduction and definitions
• 2 Training, education and information
• 3 Minimizing the amount of potential garbage
• 4 Shipboard garbage handling and storage procedures
• 5 Shipboard equipment for processing garbage
• 6 Port reception facilities for garbage
• 7 Ensuring compliance with Annex V
• Appendix Form for reporting alleged inadequacy of port reception facilities for garbage
• Revised Guidelines for the Implementation of Annex V of MARPOL 73/78
• 1 Scope
• 2 Definitions
• 3 Materials and manufacture
• 4 Operating requirements
• 5 Operating controls
• 7 Tests
• 9 Marking
• Minimum information to be provided
• A2 - Fire protection requirements for incinerators and waste stowage spaces
• A4 - Flue gas temperature
• Annex
• APPENDIX C The International Law of the Sea: Implications for Annex V Implementation
• COASTAL STATE AUTHORITIES
• PORT STATE CONTROL
• MORE GENERAL OBLIGATIONS
• STRENGTHENING THE FORCE OF IMO RULES
• APPENDIX D Time Line for U.S. Implementation of Annex V
• Antarctic Ocean
• The Baltic Sea
• Caribbean Sea
• Gulf of Mexico
• Persian Gulf
• Red Sea
• REFERENCES
• ENTANGLEMENT OF MARINE SPECIES
• INGESTION OF PLASTICS BY MARINE SPECIES
• GHOST FISHING
• REFERENCES
• Index

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