quantenmechanik de born (39 resultados)

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Condición: New.

Soft cover. Condición: Very Good. BORN, Max. "Quantenmechanik und Statistik", in "Die Naturwissenschaften", vol 15 no. 10, 11 March 1927, 247. with the Born on pp 238-242 in the issue of pp 225-247. Nice copy, the complete issue extracted from a larger bound volume.

Soft cover. Condición: Fine. BORN, Max. "Quantenmechanik und Statistik", in "Die Naturwissenschaften". 1927. vol 15 no. 10, 11 March 1927, with the Born on pp 238-242 in the issue of pp 225-247. Nice copy. This weekly issue has been elegantly rebound in thick marbled paper, with heavy hand-made stock as free endpapers and pastedowns. Nicely dine. This version is also a little shorter by 1/4" top and bottom, though still with good margins. Fresh copy. The binding is new.

Condición: New.

Condición: New.

Condición: New. In.

Paperback. Condición: New.

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Soft cover. Condición: Very Good. BORN, Max. "Quantenmechanik und Statistik", in "Die Naturwissenschaften". 1927. vol 15 no. 10, 11 March 1927, with the Born on pp 238-242 in the issue of pp 225-247. Nice copy, with an expertly repaired and replaced spine (very elegantly done). Original wrappers.

Condición: New. pp. 448.

Hardcover. Condición: Very Good. "Zur Quantenmechanik II" in "Zeitschrift fur Physik", volume 35. ++The Famous "Three-Man Paper"--the Monumental First Complete Statement of Matrix Mechanics ++ HEISENBERG, Werner; Max Born, and Pascual Jordan. ++"The first comprehensive exposition of the foundations of modern quantum mechanics in matrix language."++ HEISENBERG, Werner; Max Born, and Pascual Jordan. "Zur Quantenmechanik II" in "Zeitschrift fur Physik", Vieweg und Springer, Berlin, 1926, volume 35, pp. 557-615 in the full bound volume of 898pp. [++] Cloth-backed and -tipped marbled paper boards. Owner's bookplate and rubber stamp on the title page. [++] "Born and his assistant, Pascual Jordan, quickly developed the mathematical content of Heisenberg's work into a consistent theory with the help of abstract matrix algebra. Their work, in collaboration with Heisenberg, culminated in their three-man paper that served as the foundation of matrix mechanics. Confident of the correctness of the new theory, Heisenberg, Pauli, Born, Dirac, and others began applying the difficult mathematical formalism to the solution of lingering problems."--Complete DSB online. "(T)he first comprehensive exposition of the foundations of modern quantum mechanics in matrix language." --Jagdish Mehra, "The Historical Development of Quantum Theory". "Later the same year, Max Born and Pascual Jordan published a second paper that introduced the matrix formulation for the special case of one degree of freedom"--David Wenner, "History of Physics: The Wenner Collection".

Soft cover. Condición: Fine. The Famous "Three-Man Paper" the Monumental First Complete Statement of Matrix Mechanics (1926) HEISENBERG, Werner; Max BORN, and Pascual JORDAN. "Zur Quantenmechanik II" in Zeitschrift fur Physik, Vieweg and Springer, Berlin, 1926, volume 35, pp 557-6. This is the original issue, in the original wrappers, comprising pp 557-722, with the Heisenberg/Born/Jordan paper on pp 557-615. [++] The wrappers are a little dusty, and there's two annotations on the cover plus a chopmark owner's stamp. Also the spine has been expertly replaced a lovely piece of restorative work. The issue is housed in a beautiful clamshell box bound in brown and red calf, with the title of the work gilt-stamped on the front cover and "Three-Man Paper" and the authors' names on the spine. The box measures 10"x 7"x 1.75". Condition: the issue is VG; the box housing it is new. [++] "Born and his assistant, Pascual Jordan, quickly developed the mathematical content of Heisenberg s work into a consistent theory with the help of abstract matrix algebra. Their work, in collaboration with Heisenberg, culminated in their three-man paper [the paper offered here] that served as the foundation of matrix mechanics. Confident of the correctness of the new theory, Heisenberg, Pauli, Born, Dirac, and others began applying the difficult mathematical formalism to the solution of lingering problems. But most physicists soon welcomed a rival theory propounded by Erwin Schrödinger in 1926. Schrödinger offered a quantum wave mechanics that purported to replace electron orbits, banish quantum jumps, and require only the familiar methods of partial differential equations. His recognition of the mathematical equivalence of the rival theories and his claim that his theory superseded matrix mechanics caused a flurry of activity among the matrix mechanicians."--Complete DSB online, (Heisenberg). [++] "The 1925 paper On quantum mechanics by M. Born and P. Jordan, and the sequel On quantum mechanics II by M. Born, W. Heisenberg, and P. Jordan, developed Heisenberg s pioneering theory into the first complete formulation of quantum mechanics." noted in the paper by William A. Fedaka and Jeffrey J. Prentis in their work on the 1925 paper, "The 1925 Born and Jordan paper On quantum mechanics in American Journal of Physics 77, 128, 2009. [++] [The paper offered here] often referred to as the three-man paper, extended Zur Quantenmechanik [Max Born and Pascual Jordan 1925] to an arbitrary number of degrees of freedom, and is now called the first complete statement of matrix mechanics and the foundational document of a new quantum mechanics. --David Wenner, in "History of Physics, the Wenner Collection.".

original wrappers. Condición: Very Good. 1st Edition. FIRST EDITION IN ORIGINAL WRAPPERS of the famous "three-man paper," the first, complete, self-consistent description of quantum mechanics. "In 1925, after an extended visit to Bohr's Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen, Heisenberg tackled the problem of spectrum intensities of the electron taken as an anharmonic oscillator (a one-dimensional vibrating system). His position that the theory should be based only on observable quantities was central to his paper of July 1925, "Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen" ("Quantum-Theoretical Reinterpretation of Kinematic and Mechanical Relations"). Heisenberg's formalism rested upon noncommutative multiplication; Born, together with his new assistant Pascual Jordan, realized that this could be expressed using matrix algebra, which they used in a paper submitted for publication in September as "Zur Quantenmechanik" ("On Quantum Mechanics"). By November, Born, Heisenberg, and Jordan had completed "Zur Quantenmechanik II" ("On Quantum Mechanics II"), colloquially known as the "three-man paper," which is regarded as the foundational document of a new quantum mechanics" (Britannica's Guide to the Nobel Prizes). Particle Physics: One Hundred Years of Discoveries: "Development of matrix formalism for the Heisenberg quantum mechanics. Systems with arbitrary many degrees of freedom." IN: Zeitschrift für Physik, Band 35, February 1926, pp. 557-615. Berlin: Julius Springer, 1926. Octavo, original wrappers. Small chip at base of spine. "Born, Heisenberg 35" in pencil on spine. Volume/issue number written in ink at top of front wrapper. One of the foundational papers in quantum mechanics, rare in original wrappers.

Softcover. Condición: Wie neu. Broschur, 434 Seiten,

Condición: As New. Unread book in perfect condition.

Paperback. Condición: Like New. Like New. book.

Condición: As New. Unread book in perfect condition.

Berlin, Julius Springer, 1927. Lex8vo. In "Die Naturwissenschaften", 15. jahrgang, 1927. Entire volume offered bound in contemporary half calf with gilt lettering to spine. Minor wear to upper capitals, otherwise a fine and clean copy. [Einstein:] Pp. 273-76" [Born:] Pp. 238-42 [Planck:] Pp. 529-31 [Sommerfeld:] Pp. 825-32 [Frisch:] Pp. 321-326 pp. 963-968. [Entire volume: XXV,(1),1000,16 pp.]. First edition of all papers. The Einstein paper is his contribution to the Anniversary volume of Newton's death. Frisch received the Nobel Prize for his works on animal psychology and behaviour in 1975.Weil No 158. - Planck: Akademie No. 165 - K. v.

First edition. The Birth of Modern Quantum Mechanics. First edition, extremely rare offprints, of Born and Jordan's explication of Heisenberg's quantum mechanics - in their joint paper On Quantum Mechanics, which introduced matrix mechanics to the world - and the more detailed sequel with Heisenberg himself, the famous "three-man paper," which was the first comprehensive exposition of quantum mechanics in matrix language. Quantum mechanics first emerged in Heisenberg's 'Uber quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen' ['Quantum-theoretical reinterpretation of kinematic and mechanical relations'], published on 18 September 1925. In that paper, "Heisenberg (1901-76) points out that on the atomic level the orbits of electrons and their period of revolution are not measurable but that theory should be based only on quantities that can, at least in principle, be experimentally observed. He went on to replace the usual position x of a point-like particle by an 'ensemble of quantities' xmn and proposed a rule for the multiplication of such ensembles . After Pauli's approval Heisenberg gave the paper to Born (1882-1970). He asked him to study it and, in case he agreed, to forward it to a journal for publication . Only some days later Born studied the paper. He was impressed, sent the paper off for publication and began to think about more formal aspects of Heisenberg's approach. The multiplication rule Heisenberg had used for his ensembles seemed vaguely familiar to him and then he realized that this was the rule of matrix multiplication. The ensembles could be taken as matrices which were well studied by mathematicians. It was well known that, in general, matrix multiplication is not commutative, i.e., the result of a product depends on the order in which the factors are written. For the matrices x of position and p of momentum, this means that the elements of the matrix px are not necessarily equal to those of the matrix xp. Born conjectured that the commutator px ? xp was equal to (h/i) times the unit matrix 1 although he could show that property only for the diagonal elements of the commutator. For the general proof he asked the help of Jordan (1902-80) who found it within two days . Born and Jordan began to work out quantum mechanics in matrix notation on the basis of Heisenberg's ideas. Born . left the actual writing of their paper On Quantum Mechanics to Jordan. Heisenberg, Jordan, and Born now began a collaboration - mostly by correspondence - in which they worked out a comprehensive exposition of quantum mechanics. Their publication, On Quantum Mechanics II, is usually referred to as the 'three-men paper' (Drei-Männer-Arbeit). It contains the fundamental assumptions of the theory, i.e., the reinterpretation of physical quantities as matrices with their special multiplication laws or 'commutation relations', and Hamilton's equations written down for these quantities . Moreover, it presents a systematic way for the solution of these equations, and there is a discussion of perturbation theory and of several examples. The three men were together in Göttingen for only about two weeks before Born, who had written the mathematical part, departed for the United States and left the final editing to Heisenberg and Jordan, both twenty-three years old at the time. The paper was completed in mid-November. Its last section carries the title 'Coupled Harmonic Oscillators. Statistics of Wave Fields'. It was written by Jordan alone and practically no notice was taken of it at that time. Now it is recognized as the first description of the electromagnetic field in terms of quantum mechanics and thus as the very first step towards quantum electrodynamics" (Brandt, pp. 155-157). RBH lists only the Plotnick copies (Christie's NY, 2002). "Even those intimately familiar with matrix mechanics as we now understand it will find Heisenberg's 1925 paper daunting. But happily this obscurity is much less true of the article by Born and Jordan that followed Heisenberg's by about two months in the next volume of Zeitschrift für Physik and largely reformulated his theory in terms of matrix operations. "It happened that while (or shortly after) reading Heisenberg's manuscript before it was submitted for publication in July of 1925, Born quickly realized that the noncommutativity that Heisenberg had discovered could be interpreted as matrices, which in general do not commute. After Pauli declined, Born was able to induce his 23-year-old assistant Pascual Jordan, who had studied with the mathematician Courant, to help him with the mathematics of the theory. They immediately began their very lucid reformulation of Heisenberg's paper, which they worked up in those two months, opening with an introduction to the properties of matrices, including their noncommutativity, and adopting Heisenberg's assumption from the correspondence principle that Hamilton's equations of motion apply in the quantum theory a well as classically. In short order they discovered the operator, or matrix expression xp - px = (h/2pi)I. With the Hamiltonian in hand, they could obtain an expression for the time dependence of an operator, and using Hamilton's laws of motion, treat a problem like the harmonic oscillator. Application was made to the one-dimensional oscillator, from which the now familiar result E = (n + ½)hw was obtained, and the simple rotor was treated as well. The paper is a tour de force, succinct, and clear. It is not at all hard to see why Born always felt that he (and Jordan) should have been given something like equal credit for the discovery of matrix mechanics, which was never the case. The details of the paper, which hinted at the role of Hermitian bilinear or quadratic forms in representing observables (though the specific language of Hermitian operators on a Hilbert space was not yet used), were mostly the work of Jordan . "The third paper, this one by all three, Born, Heisenberg, and Jordan (BHJ), . submitted ei.

1st Edition. FIRST EDITIONS OF THREE LANDMARK PAPERS THAT TOGETHER FORMED THE THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF QUANTUM MECHANICS. "In spite of its high-sounding name and its successful solutions of numerous problems in atomic physics, quantum theory, and especially the quantum theory of polyelectronic systems, prior to 1925, was, from the methodological point of view, a lamentable hodgepodge of hypotheses, principles, theorems, and computational recipes rather than a logical consistent theory. Every single quantum-theoretic problem had to be solved first in terms of classical physics; its classical solution had then to pass through the mysterious sieve of the quantum conditions or, as it happened in the majority of cases, the classical solution had to be translated into the language of quanta in conformance with the correspondence principle. In short, quantum theory still lacked two essential characteristics of a full-fledged scientific theory, conceptual autonomy and logical consistency" (Jammer, The Conceptual Development 196). The work of Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan in these papers began to rectify these issues and together marked the "starting point for the new quantum mechanics," also called matrix mechanics (DSB). "In May 1925, Heisenberg took on a new and difficult problem, the calculation of the line intensities of the hydrogen spectrum. Just as he had done with Kramers and Bohr, Heisenberg began with a Fourier analysis of the electron orbits. When the hydrogen orbit proved too difficult, he turned to the an harmonic oscillator. With a new multiplication rule relating the amplitudes and frequencies of the Fourier components to observed quantities, Heisenberg succeeded in quantizing the equations of motion for this system in close analogy with the classical equations of motion. In June Heisenberg returned to Göttingen, where he drafted his fundamental paper [the 1st paper], which he completed in July. In this paper Heisenberg proclaimed that the quantum mechanics of atoms should contain only relations between experimentally observable quantities. The resulting formalism served as the starting point for the new quantum mechanics, based, as Heisenberg's multiplication rule implied, on the manipulation of ordered sets of data forming a mathematical matrix. Born and his assistant, Pascual Jordan, quickly developed the mathematical content of Heisenberg's work into a consistent theory with the help of abstract matrix algebra [the 2nd paper].Their work, in collaboration with Heisenberg, culminated in their "three-man paper" ["Dreimännerarbeit", the 3rd paper] that served as the foundation of matrix mechanics. Confident of the correctness of the new theory, Heisenberg, Pauli, Born, Dirac, and others began applying the difficult mathematical formalism to the solution of lingering problems" (DSB). ALSO INCLUDED in ZfP Volume 33 is a major milestone in gravitational wave theory: the Czech physicist Guido Beck's discovery of a family of exact solutions to the equations of general relativity representing gravitational waves with cylindrical symmetry (called 'Beck vacua' or 'cylindrical gravitational waves'). His paper, "Zur Theorie Binärer Gravitationsfelder" appears on pp. 713-738. ALSO: We offer the Heisenberg paper (Volume 33) as a lone offering. Heisenberg, Werner "Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen" in ZfP 33, 1925, pp. 879-893. ALSO, we offer Pauli's 1926 paper with the 1st significant application of & 1st validation of Heisenberg's new quantum mechanics. ("Über das Wasserstoffspektrum vom Standpunkt der neuen Quantenmechanik" in ZfP 36, 1926). CONDITION & DETAILS: In: ZfP 33 (1925), 34 (1925), 35 (1926). 8vo. (225 x 156mm). 3 full volumes. Volume 33 has no ex-libris stamps whatsoever; volumes 34 and 35 have some on the title page. Handsomely and uniformly rebound in grey linen, gilt-tooled and lettered at the spine. Tightly bound. Very clean inside and out. Near fine condition.

Condición: Very Good. First Edition. 1925-26. First edition. Three extremely influential papers marking the theoretical foundation for modern quantum mechanics and defining the discipline: "Uber quantentheorestische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen" by Werner Heisenberg; "Zur Quantenmechanik" by Max Born and Pasqual Jordan; and "Zur Quantenmechanik II" by Born, Heisenberg and Jordan. In Zeitschrift fur Physik, Vols. 33, total pp.879-950 (Heisenberg paper pp. 879-893); Vol. 34, total pp. 795-953, lean to spine; (Born, Jordan paper 858-888); Vol. 35, total pages pp. 557-722; (Born, Heisenberg, Jordan pp 557-615). In publisher's original wrappers with new spines, ink stamp to top right of front wrappers, minor creasing and soiling to wraps. Heisenberg received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1932 for his establishment of quantum mechanics.

Condición: Near Fine. First Edition. First edition. Four papers by Max Born, "Uber Quantenmechnik" (On Quantum Mechanics), extracted from Zeitschrift für Physik, Band 26, No. 6, pp. 379-395. Bound without wraps, though with title page. Verso of title page with pasted labels from Band 37, 38, 40, corresponding to the other three papers by Born in the volume being offered, plus a label with the ink ownership stamp of the German Physicist Otto Weiner, (1862-1927). Wiener is known for the experimental proof of standing light waves. In 1890 he succeeded in determining the wavelength of light. [Bound with] "Zur Quantenmechanik der Stossvorgange" (Quantem Mechanics of Collision), extracted from Zeitschrift fur Physik 37, pp.863-867, 1926. [And] "Quantenmechanik der Stossvorgange", extracted from Zeitschrift fur Physik 38, pp.803-827, 1926. [And] "Das Adiabatenprinzip in der Quantenmechanik" (The Adiabatic Principle in Quantum Mechanics), extracted from Zeitschrift fur Physik 40, pp.167-192, 1926. Finely bound in marbled boards with leather spine lettered in gilt. Near Fine with toning to pages. Four major papers by Born, who won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954.

1st Edition. Bound FIRST EDITION OF BORN, HEISENBERG, & JORDAN'S "MONUMENTAL" THREE-MAN PAPER, â??ON QUANTUM MECHANICS II', THE FIRST COMPLETE STATEMENT OF MATRIX MECHANICS (Peacock, Quantum Revolution, 52). Handsomely rebound. See details below. In this work, Born, Heisenberg, and Jordan extend the methods Heisenberg presented in his initial 1925 paper and apply them to a number of important problems. "This paper definitively set forth [and first named] matrix mechanics â?? the version of quantum mechanics based on the algebraic manipulation of matrices that represent observable quantities such as position, momentum, and energy. Detailed calculations showed that the new matrix mechanics was very successful in predicting the anomalous Zeeman Effect, other forms of line splitting, and line intensities. The three authors even produced a new derivation of Planck's Law" (ibid). In the early 1920s there were fundamental difficulties in atomic physics. The quantum theory of atomic structure, founded by Bohr and largely developed by Bohr and Sommerfeld, did not describe the properties of complicated atoms and molecules. "In spite of its high-sounding name and its successful solutions of numerous problems in atomic physics, â??quantum theory', and especially the â??quantum theory' of polyelectronic systems, prior to 1925, was, from the methodological point of view, a lamentable hodgepodge of hypotheses, principles, theorems, and computational recipes rather than a logical consistent theory. Every single quantum-theoretic problem had to be solved first in terms of classical physics; its classical solution had then to pass through the mysterious sieve of the quantum conditions or, as it happened in the majority of cases, the classical solution had to be translated into the language of quanta in conformance with the correspondence principle? In short, quantum theory still lacked two essential characteristics of a full-fledged scientific theory, conceptual autonomy and logical consistency" (Jammer, The Conceptual Development, 196). The work of Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan rectified these issues and marked the "starting point for the new quantum mechanics," also called matrix mechanics (DSB). Heisenberg published his initial paper formulating his new quantum theory in 1925, but without reference to matrices. "Later the same year, Max Born and Pascual Jordan published a second paper that introduced the matrix formulation for the special case of one degree of freedom" (History of Physics: The Wenner Collection). Finally, in early 1926, all three scientists collaborated on a third paper, this â??three-man paper', and extended the theory to an arbitrary number of degrees of freedom. In its final form, they argued, Heisenberg's formulation of the new quantum theory is a matrix algebra of quantum operators that "predicts the radiation resulting from electron state transitions between energy shells in the atom without reference to how the transitions occur" (ibid). CONDITION & DETAILS: Berlin: Vieweg und Springer. Large 8vo. (9 x 6 inches; 225 x 150mm). pp. 557-722. Two stamps on the title page; no other markings inside or out. Full volume handsomely rebound in black cloth gilt ruled and lettered at the spine. Tightly and solidly bound. Bright and clean throughout. Very good to near fine condition +.

Braunschweig, Friedrich Vierweg & Sohn; Berlin, J. Springer, 1924. 8vo (22.8 x 15.4 cm). 17 pp. Original printed wrappers. = First use, description, and definition of the term "quantum mechanics", the mathematical description of quantum physics, "a fundamental theory in physics which describes nature at the smallest scales of energy levels of atoms and subatomic particles. Classical physics, the physics existing before quantum mechanics, describes nature at ordinary (macroscopic) scale. Most theories in classical physics can be derived from quantum mechanics as an approximation valid at large (macroscopic) scale.Quantum mechanics differs from classical physics in that energy, momentum, angular momentum and other quantities of a bound system are restricted to discrete values (quantization); objects have characteristics of both particles and waves (wave-particle duality); and there are limits to the precision with which quantities can be measured (uncertainty principle)" (Wikipedia, after Feynman et al., The Feynman Lectures on Physics). Written by the German-born (from 1939 on British) physicist and Nobel Prize winner Max Born (1882-1970). Contained in the famous Zeitschrift für Physik, volume 26(6), pp. 379-395. The complete issue, in its original wrappers. Original issues are much rarer than (dis)bound volumes. Some very slight marginal fraying and minimal spotting at fore edge of front wrapper. A fine, clean copy.

Condición: Very Good. Estado de la sobrecubierta: Very Good. First edition. FIRST EDITION IN ORIGINAL WRAPPERS OF BORN'S NEW MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF QUANTUM PHYSICS, INCLUDING THE FIRST USE OF THE TERM "QUANTUM MECHANICS." "An important paper by Born published in August 1924 took its starting point in the 'considerable progress' made with the BKS theory and Kramers' use of it to explain the dispersion of light. Born's paper, entitled 'Über Quantenmechanik,' merits attention not only because it introduced 'quantum mechanics' as the name for the quantum theory of the future, but also because it was a serious attempt to formulate the general structure of this still unborn theory" (Helge Kragh: Niels Bohr and the Quantum Atom). "In June 1924, Born completed his paper 'On quantum mechanics.' In this article Born tried to establish a method by which the classical perturbation theory of multiple periodic non-degenerate systems could be applied to quantum phenomena which involve external periodic disturbances or internal couplings. So far, Born argued, theories of poly-electronic systems, such as the helium atom, which treated the electronic interactions along classical lines, had to fail since electrons affect each other with frequencies of the order of those of light, but the interaction between matter and light is evidently a 'non-mechanical' quantum process; one cannot expect, therefore, that the interactions between electrons can be treated along classical lines either. Born now suggested a solution of the problem by generalizing Kramers' treatment of the interaction between radiation and electrons into a 'quantum mechanics' of interactions. In carrying out this program, Born showed that the transition from classical mechanics to what he called 'quantum mechanics' can be obtained in accordance with Bohr's correspondence principle if a certain differential is replaced by a corresponding difference ?" (Jammer, Conceptual Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, pp. 191-2). Critically, "the central idea of 'Quantenmechanik'" is the crucial quantization condition required by Born: "All elementary changes occurring in nature must be discontinuous, because the action variables may change by integer multiples of Planck's constant only; the discrete behavior of action variables will affect all other variables as well" (Herbert Capellmann, The Development of Elementary Quantum Theory). IN: Zeitschrift für Physik, Band 26, No. 6, pp. 379-395. Berlin: Julius Springer, 1924. Octavo, original printed wrappers; custom box. The complete issue offered. A touch of browning at wrapper edges, faint offsetting from newspaper clipping on first text page of issue (not affecting Born paper). A very good a copy, rare in original wrappers.

Berlin, Julius Springer, 1926. 8vo. In two contemporary half cloth bindings (not uniform). Gilt lettering to spine. In: "Zeitschrift für Physik", Bd. 37 & 38, 1926. Entire volumes offered. Vol. 38: Spine partly detached and with library stamp to free front and back end paper. Both volumes with a bit of soiling to extremities. Internally fine and clean. First edition of these landmark papers in which Born formulated the now-standard interpretation of the Probability Interpretation of the Wave Function or Probability Density Function for psi*psi in the Schrödinger equation, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1954. It is considered to be one of the fundamental statements of modern physics and made Einstein famously state in a letter to Born in 1926: "Quantum mechanics is certainly imposing. But an inner voice tells me that it is not yet the real thing. The theory says a lot, but does not really bring us any closer to the secret of the 'old one'. I, at any rate, am convinced that He [god] is not playing at dice."Very soon after publication of Erwin Schrödinger's works on wave mechanics. Born recognized -despite Heisenherg's and Pauli's objections to its basic conceptions - that the new theory was acceptable from a mathematical point of view" and he used Schrödinger's method of treating atomic scattering processes. Applied to a standard scattering problem with known interaction-the scattering of a particle in an external field -the quantum theory permitted an exact calculation only in principle" except in special cases the basic differential equations could not be solved. With "Quantenme-chanik der Stossvorgänge" (1926) Born elaborated the basis of the "Born approximation method" for carrying out the actual computations" the method has since grown steadily in importance. Born?s works found worldwide recognition, and gifted young researchers flocked to work under him. The "Born school" at Göttingen was its important to the flowering of theoretical physics as the school of Bohr at Copenhagen and of Arnold Sommerfeld at Munich." (DSB)."Born may not have realized at once the profundity of his contribution, which helped bring the quantum revolution to an end". (Pais, Inward Bound).

Berlin, Julius Springer, 1926-27. 8vo. Bound in one nice hcalf with gilt borders and gilt lettering to spine. All three papers published in "Zeitschrift für Physik". 1. Title-page for volume 37, pp. 863-67. - 2. Title-page for volume 38, pp. 803-27. - 3. Title-page for volume 40, pp.167-192. Title-pages with stamp. Clean and fine. First editions of all three papers, which together constitute Born's main contributions to Quantum Mechanics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1954. In his famous series of papers on wave mechanics Schrödinger stated his equation describing the behavior of the wave function. However, Schrödinger did not himself arrive at a proper physical interpretation of the wave function itself - this is due to Born. Just a few days after Schrödinger's fourth and final paper was published, Born successfully interpreted the wave function as probability amplitude. His relatively brief paper (the first offered here) was originally meant to be published in the weekly magazine "Die Naturwissenschaften" but due to lack of space in this journal it was forwarded to the 'Zeitschrift'. The next paper offered, with the same title, is an elaboration of the first. In the third paper Born used the adiabatic principle to further support his statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics.

(22,5 x 14,5 cm). VIII, 954 S. Mit 305 Abbildungen. Leinwandband der Zeit. Erste Ausgabe der berühmten "Dreimännerarbeit" von Born, Jordan und dem 1925 von einem Studienaufenthalt bei Niels Bohr zurückgekehrten Heisenberg. - "The recently published theoretical approach of Heisenberg is here developed into a systematic theory of quantum mechanics. with the aid of mathematical matrix methods. After a brief survey of the latter, the mechanical equations of motion are derived from a variational principle and it is shown that using Heisenberg's quantum condition, the principle of energy conservation and Bohr's frequency condition follow from the mechanical equations. Using the anharmonic oscillator as example, the question of uniqueness of the solution and of the significance of the phases of the partial vibrations is raised. The paper concludes with an attempt to incorporate electromagnetic field laws into the new theory." (Van der Waerden). - Einband leicht bestoßen, sonst sauber und wohlerhalten. - DSB 17, 448 (Jordan) und 15, 39 (Born); PMM 417c; Van der Waerden, Sources of quantum mechanics S. 277 und S. 321.

(23 x 15,5 cm). VII, 929 S./ VII, 950 S./ VIII, 911 S. Mit 620 Abbildungen und 6 Tafeln, davon 2 in Original-Photographie. Halbleinwandbände der Zeit. Zu I und II: Erste Ausgaben dieser wegweisenden Arbeiten. - Born wendet die Wellenmechanik auf die atomaren Streuvorgänge an und zeigt, "dass die Wellenmechanik und die 'Göttinger Matrizenmechanik' mathematisch identisch waren. Er interpretiert die Amplitude der Schrödinger'schen Wellenfunktion als ein Maß für die Wahrscheinlichkeit, ein Quantenobjekt an einem Punkt anzutreffen, und entwickelte ein Näherungsverfahren zur statistischen Behandlung atomarer Stoßvorgänge. Über ein einzelnes Teilchen ließen sich nunmehr nur statistische Aussagen machen. Der Determinismus als Grundprinzip der klassischen Physik hatte damit seine absolute Gültigkeit verloren" (Nobelpreise). Born erhält dafür 1954 den Nobelpreis für Physik. - Zu III: Erste Ausgabe. - Als Beweis für die Richtigkeit seiner neu entwickelten statistischen Behandlung der Quantenmechanik formuliert und beweist er mit ihrer Hilfe das Ehrenfestsche Adiabatenprinzip. - Vorsätze und Titel gestempelt. Einbände minimal berieben. Insgesamt sauber und wohlerhalten. - DSB 15, 42.