physical principles involved transistor (11 resultados)

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Condición: As New. Unread book in perfect condition.

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Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware - This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.

First edition of the revolutionary transistor issue of The Bell System Technical Journal featuring the first account of the invention of the transistor, which ushered in the information age. Offered is the entire volume for 1949 (753 pages, complete with index), which also contains the July semiconductor issue dedicated to the semiconductor. Also included is Claude Shannon's Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems (pp. 656-715). New York: American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 1949. Contemporary green buckram. X-Libris but with minimal markings. Pages clean and bright. Near fine copy. Brattain, Walter H. and John Bardeen. "Physical Principles Involved in Transistor Action," Physical Principles Involved in Transistor Action. WITH: The Theory of p-n Junctions in Semiconductors and p-n Junction Transistors. Et al. Walter H. Brattain, John Bardeen, 1949. "Surface Properties of Germanium," Bell System Technical Journal 32(1), pp. 239-277. Hamming, R. W. "Error detecting and error correcting codes," The Bell System Technical Journal. 29 (1950), pp. 147-160. Shannon C. E. "Prediction and entropy of printed English," The Bell System Technical Journal. 30 (1951), pp. 50-64. Clos, Charles. "A study of non-blocking switching networks." In The Bell System Technical Journal, volume 32 (1953), 406-424.

Hardcover. First edition. THE INVENTION OF THE TRANSISTOR. First edition, journal issue in original printed wrappers, of the first comprehensive report on the transistor, one of the most important inventions of the 20th Century. ?In the 1930s, Bell Labs scientists were trying to use ultrahigh frequency waves for telephone communications, and needed a more reliable detection method than the vacuum tube, which proved incapable of picking up rapid vibrations . John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley spearheaded the Bell Labs effort to develop a new means of amplification,? developing, by 1948, a novel device that would effectively amplify and control electric signals. ?At roughly half an inch high, the first transistor was huge by today's standards, when 7 million transistors can fit onto a single silicon chip. But it was the very first solid state device capable of doing the amplification work of a vacuum tube, earning Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956. More significantly, it spawned an entire industry and ushered in the Information Age, revolutionizing global society? (The American Physical Society). The invention of the transistor was first announced in three short letters by Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley, and Pearson, in The Physical Review (July 1948). The following year Bardeen and Brattain published the more comprehensive report ?Physical Principles Involved in Transistor Action? This paper was simultaneously published, the same month, in The Physical Review and The Bell System Technical Journal. Offered here is the Bell printing [no priority established]. In 1956 Bardeen and Brattain shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with William Shockley ?for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect? In 1972 Bardeen again received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his part in the development of the theory of superconductivity (BCS-theory), and thus became the only person, until this day, to receive the Nobel Prize more than once in the same field. Provenance: Regnar Holfrid Svensson (1910-90), Swedish engineer and inventor (signature to front wrapper). ?The first patent for the field-effect transistor principle was filed in Canada by Austrian-Hungarian physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld on October 22, 1925, but Lilienfeld published no research articles about his devices, and his work was ignored by industry. In 1934 German physicist Dr. Oskar Heil patented another field-effect transistor. There is no direct evidence that these devices were built, but later work in the 1990s show that one of Lilienfeld?s designs worked as described and gave substantial gain. Legal papers from the Bell Labs patent show that William Shockley and a co-worker at Bell Labs, Gerald Pearson, had built operational versions from Lilienfeld?s patents, yet they never referenced this work in any of their later research papers or historical articles. ?The Bell Labs work on the transistor emerged from war-time efforts to produce extremely pure germanium ?crystal? mixer diodes, used in radar units as a frequency mixer element in microwave radar receivers. UK researchers had produced models using a tungsten filament on a germanium disk, but these were difficult to manufacture and not particularly robust. Bell?s version was a single-crystal design that was both smaller and completely solid. A parallel project on germanium diodes at Purdue University succeeded in producing the good-quality germanium semiconducting crystals that were used at Bell Labs. Early tube-based circuits did not switch fast enough for this role, leading the Bell team to use solid-state diodes instead. After the war, Shockley decided to attempt the building of a triode-like semiconductor device. He secured funding and lab space, and went to work on the problem with Bardeen and Brattain. John Bardeen eventually developed a new branch of quantum mechanics known as surface physics to account for the ?odd? behavior they saw, and Bardeen and Walter Brattain eventually succeeded in building a working device. ?The key to the development of the transistor was the further understanding of the process of the electron mobility in a semiconductor. It was realized that if there was some way to control the flow of the electrons from the emitter to the collector of this newly discovered diode (discovered 1874; patented 1906), one could build an amplifier. For instance, if one placed contacts on either side of a single type of crystal, the current would not flow through it. However, if a third contact could then ?inject? electrons or holes into the material, the current would flow. ?Actually doing this appeared to be very difficult. If the crystal were of any reasonable size, the number of electrons (or holes) required to be injected would have to be very large, making it less useful as an amplifier because it would require a large injection current to start with. That said, the whole idea of the crystal diode was that the crystal itself could provide the electrons over a very small distance, the depletion region. The key appeared to be to place the input and output contacts very close together on the surface of the crystal on either side of this region. ?Brattain started working on building such a device, and tantalizing hints of amplification continued to appear as the team worked on the problem. Sometimes the system would work, but then stop working unexpectedly. In one instance a non-working system started working when placed in water. The electrons in any one piece of the crystal would migrate about due to nearby charges. Electrons in the emitters, or the ?holes? in the collectors, would cluster at the surface of the crystal, where they could find their opposite charge ?floating around? in the air (or water). Yet they could be pushed away from the surface with the application of a small amount of charge from any other location on the crystal. Instead of needing a large supply of injected electrons, a very small number in th.

Hardcover. Condición: Fine. 1st Edition. FIRST EDITION of two landmark journals documenting the revolutionary invention of the transistor: the April 1949 issue of The Bell System Technical Journal containing the first description of the invention (published simultaneously in The Physical Review), and the famous July 1949 "Semiconductor Issue" dedicated entirely to the discuss of the transistor and semiconductor devices. The entire 1949 volume offered. "In the 1930s, Bell Labs scientists were trying to use ultrahigh frequency waves for telephone communications, and needed a more reliable detection method than the vacuum tube, which proved incapable of picking up rapid vibrations. John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley spearheaded the Bell Labs effort to develop a new means of amplification," developing, by 1948, a novel device that would effectively amplify and control electric signals. "At roughly half an inch high, the first transistor was huge by today's standards, when 7 million transistors can fit onto a single silicon chip. But it was the very first solid state device capable of doing the amplification work of a vacuum tube, earning Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956. More significantly, it spawned an entire industry and ushered in the Information Age, revolutionizing global society" (The American Physical Society). The 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded jointly to William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect". Also included is Claude Shannon's Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems (pp. 656-715). BARDEEN, J., and BRATTAIN, W. H. Physical Principles Involved in Transistor Action. In The Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2, April 1949 (pp. 239-277). WITH: BARDEEN, J., and BRATTAIN, W.H., and SHOCKLEY, W., et al. The Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 28, No. 3. July, 1949. New York: American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 1949. Octavo, contemporary blue buckram. The whole volume with all the issues for 1949 (753 pages, complete with contents and index). Fine copy.

First edition. First Comprehensive Report on the Transistor, with Shannon's Foundation of Modern Cryptography (1) Bardeen, John (1908-91) and Brattain, Walter (1902-87). Physical principles involved in transistor action. In Bell System Technical Journal 28, no. 2 (April 1949): 239-77. (2) Shockley, William (1910-89). The theory of p-n junctions in semiconductors and p-n junction transistors. In ibid.: 435-89. (3) Shannon, Claude (1916-2001). Communication theory of secrecy systems. In ibid.: 656-715. Whole volume. iv, 753, [1], v-viii pp. Illustrated. 221 x 148 mm. Library buckram. Very good. Library stamps and label on endpapers. (1) First Editions. No. (1), Bardeen and Brattain's paper, is the first comprehensive report on the point-contact transistor, created in December 1947 and announced in three brief papers published in the Physical Review in 1948. The transistor gradually replaced the bulkier vacuum tube, allowing heat reduction and miniaturization of electronic devices. Transistors began to be employed on a large scale in computer manufacturing in the late 1950s; they were eventually miniaturized and incorporated into microprocessors. Bardeen and Brattain shared the 1956 Nobel Prize for physics with William Shockley (see below) for their investigations of semiconductors (the materials of which transistors are made) and for their discovery of the transistor. Origins of Cyberspace 450. No. (2) is a detailed account of the junction transistor invented by Shockley shortly after Bardeen and Brattain's invention of the point-contact transistor. Shockley's design marked a substantial improvement over the point-contact transistor, whose "delicate mechanical configuration would be difficult to manufacture in high volume with sufficient reliability" (Computer History Museum, "The silicon engine: A timeline of semiconductors in computers" [internet reference]). Shockley disagreed with Bardeen and Brattain's explanation of how the transistor worked, claiming that "positively charged holes could also penetrate through the bulk germanium material-not only trickle along a surface layer. Called 'minority carrier injection,' this phenomenon was crucial to operation of his junction transistor, a three-layer sandwich of n-type and p-type semiconductors separated by p-n junctions. This is how all 'bipolar' junction transistors work today" (ibid.). Bell Laboratories began manufacturing junction transistors in quantity in 1951; they dominated the market for many years. Magill, Nobel Prize Winners: Physics, pp. 675-704. No. (3), Shannon's discussion of cryptography from the viewpoint of information theory, "is one of the foundational treatments (arguably the foundational treatment) of modern cryptography. It is also a proof that all theoretically unbreakable ciphers must have the same requirements as the one-time pad [a secret random key used only once]" (Wikipedia). Shannon published an earlier version of his cryptography research in the classified report A Mathematical Theory of Cryptography (Memorandum MM 45-110-02, Bell Laboratories, Sept. 1, 1945). Shannon, Collected Papers, no. 25. .

New York: Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1949. 8vo. The entire April issue in original printed wrappers offered. Spine strips with some wear. Small rubberstamp on front wrapper. Otherwise fine. First edition. The first comprehensive report to describe the transistor - one of the most important inventions of the 20th Century. The invention of the transistor was first announced in three short letters by Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley, and Pearson, in The Physical Review (Number 2 Volume 74, 1948). The following year Bardeen and Brattain published the more comprehensive report "Physical Principles Involved in Transistor Action" [as offered here]. This paper was simultaneously published, the same month, in The Physical Review (Number 8 volume 75). In 1956 Bardeen and Brattain shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with William Shockley "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect". In 1972 Bardeen again received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his part in the development of the theory of superconductivity (BCS-theory), and thus became the only person, until this day, to receive the Nobel Prize more than once in the same field. Hook & Norman: Origins of Cyberspace, No. 450.