fallout prediction technical de department army headquarters (1 resultados)

Wraps. Condición: Good. Format is approximately 8 inches by 10 inches. 76, [4] pages. Illustrations. This manual supersedes TM 3-210, 22 May 1962, including C 1, 2 April 1964, and C 2, 17 January 1966; and TC 3-15, 23 June 1965. Includes Appendix A. (References), and Appendix B. (Example Problems). Three-hole punched. Covers somewhat discolored, text somewhat darkened. Ink note on the cover. Topics covered include Introduction to Fallout Prediction, Detailed Fallout Prediction, Simplified Fallout Prediction; Special Fallout Prediction Cases; Fallout Wind Vector Plot; Detailed Fallout Prediction Techniques; Effective Downwind Message; Prediction of Fallout From Atomic Demolition Munitions (ADM); Friendly Nuclear Strike Warning Message (General, Format for transmitting data); Tables, Figures, and Nomograms Used in Fallout Prediction (General, Purpose). Nuclear fallout, or fallout, is the residual radioactive material propelled into the upper atmosphere following a nuclear blast, so called because it "falls out" of the sky after the explosion and the shock wave have passed. It commonly refers to the radioactive dust and ash created when a nuclear weapon explodes. The amount and spread of fallout is a product of the size of the weapon and the altitude at which it is detonated. Fallout may get entrained with the products of a pyrocumulus cloud and fall as black rain (rain darkened by soot and other particulates, which fell within 30-40 minutes of the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki). This radioactive dust, usually consisting of fission products mixed with bystanding atoms that are neutron-activated by exposure, is a form of radioactive contamination. Now, the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) is the primary form of categorizing the potential health and environmental effects of a nuclear or radiological event and communicating it to the public. The need for a fallout prediction system stems from the large-area radiological hazard that develops from fallout-producing nuclear bursts. Contamination has a large impact on military planning and operations. This hazard produces mass casualties if its presence is not detected and actions taken to minimize the radiological hazards. Commanders at all echelons must understand its effects and take action to minimize those effects. There are many occasions when a commander will require a fallout prediction. Three examples follow: When the commander plans to use a nuclear weapon that lacks 99-percent probability of being fallout safe or whenever a contact backup fuze is used, a prestrike fallout prediction is prepared as part of the target analysis. Information may indicate that fallout is occurring or that fallout probably will occur from a nuclear burst (friendly or enemy). In this case, a fallout prediction is required to enable the commander to warn higher, adjacent, and subordinate units. When a fallout-producing burst occurs, an evaluating procedure is begun that will answer the commander's questions about the hazard. However, a time lag of several hours to a day or more may occur between the time of burst and the availability of measured data (from radiological monitoring and/or survey). This delays evaluation of the actual hazard. During this time lag, the fallout prediction (area of expected hazard), or at best the fallout prediction supplemented by measured radiation data, may be the only available information for estimating the effects of the radiation hazard on tactical operations or plans. This information is significant in that it will enable the commander to avoid the contamination, if possible In both simplified and detailed prediction, a zone of primary hazard (Zone I) and one of secondary hazard (Zone II) are predicted. These zones are defined as areas where exposed, unprotected personnel may receive militarily significant total doses of nuclear radiation within four hours after arrival of fallout. These doses may result in a reduction in combat effectiveness. First Ed.