springer netherlands dez 1978 (27 resultados)

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The essays in this collection are the outgrowth of a workshop, held in June 1976, on formal approaches to the semantics and pragmatics of natural languages. They document in an astoundingly uniform way the develop ments in the formal analysis of natural languages since the late sixties. The avowed aim of the' workshop was in fact to assess the progress made in the application of formal methods to semantics, to confront different approaches to essentially the same problems on the one hand, and, on the other, to show the way in relating semantic and pragmatic explanations of linguistic phenomena. Several of these papers can in fact be regarded as attempts to close the 'semiotic circle' by bringing together the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic properties of certain constructions in an explanatory framework thereby making it more than obvious that these three components of an integrated linguistic theory cannot be as neatly separated as one would have liked to believe. In other words, not only can we not elaborate a syntactic description of (a fragment of) a language and then proceed to the semantics (as Montague pointed out already forcefully in 1968), we cannot hope to achieve an adequate integrated syntax and semantics without paying heed to the pragmatic aspects of the constructions involved. The behavior of polarity items, 'quantifiers' like any, conditionals or even logical particles like and and or in non-indicative sentences is clear-cut evidence for the need to let each component of the grammar inform the other. 392 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -by MICHEL FOUCAULT Everyone knows that in France there are few logicians but many historians of science; and that in the 'philosophical establishment' - whether teaching or research oriented - they have occupied a considerable position. But do we know precisely the importance that, in the course of these past fifteen or twenty years, up to the very frontiers of the establishment, a 'work' like that of Georges Canguilhem can have had for those very people who were separ ated from, or challenged, the establishment Yes, I know, there have been noisier theatres: psychoanalysis, Marxism, linguistics, ethnology. But let us not forget this fact which depends, as you will, on the sociology of French intellectual environments, the functioning of our university institutions or our system of cultural values: in all the political or scientific discussions of these strange sixty years past, the role of the 'philosophers' - I simply mean those who had received their university training in philosophy department- has been important: perhaps too important for the liking of certain people. And, directly or indirectly, all or almost all these philosophers have had to 'come to terms with' the teaching and books of Georges Canguilhem. From this, a paradox: this man, whose work is austere, intentionally and carefully limited to a particular domain in the history of science, which in any case does not pass for a spectacular discipline, has somehow found him self present in discussions where he himself took care never to figure. 240 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Philosophically, there is a book which was a tremendous experience for me: Eino Kaila's hychology of the Person ality _ His thesis that man lives strictly according to his needs - negative and positive - was shattering to me, but terribly true. And I built on this ground. Ingmar Bergman J 1. This introductory essay is neither intended to be a full presentation nor to be a critical evaluation of the contributions to philosophy made by Eino Kaila. Kaila's work will speak to the reader through the four papers here published in English translation from the German. They belong in the tra dition of the Vienna Circle and of logical empiricism. They cover, however, only one period or sector of Kaila's rich and varied life-work. This is the sector best integrated into the mainstream of contemporary philosophic thinking. The primary aim of this essay is to portray an impressive intellectual personality and to make a modest contribution to Finnish and Scandinavian intellectual history. Much of its content may be thought to be of 'local' relevance only. But considering the position which Kaila held in his country and considering his decisive influence on the development of philosophy in Finland, I hope that this local background will also interest an international circle of readers. 380 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -In the second half of the 20th century, the body has become a central theme of intellectual debate. How should we perceive the human body Is it best understood biologically, experientially, culturally How do social institutions exercise power over the body and determine norms of health and behavior The answers arrived at by phenomenologists, social theorists, and feminists have radically challenged our cenventional notions of the body dating back to 17th century Cartesian thought. This is the first volume to systematically explore the range of contemporary thought concerning the body and draw out its crucial implications for medicine. Its authors suggest that many of the problems often found in modern medicine -- dehumanized treatment, overspecialization, neglect of the mind's healing resources -- are directly traceable to medicine's outmoded concepts of the body. New and exciting alternatives are proposed by some of the foremost physicians and philosophers working in the medical humanities today. 270 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This book has its origins in a resolution passed by the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations in July 1975 requesting the Secretary-General to prepare a 10 to 15 year evaluation of the prospects for copper. The investigation was carried out by the Centre for Natural Resources, Energy and Transport, with the help of consultants, and the results summarized in a report submitted to the Committee on Natural Re sources, a subsidiary body of the Economic and Social Council, in May 1977. This book presents the findings of that investigation in greater detail, draws out the impli cations of those findings more fully, and describes the methodology employed more completely than was possible in the earlier report. It also incorporates the results of additional work carried out by the authors since the spring of 1977 so as to take into account recent developments as well as comments received from the participants at the meeting of the Committee on Natural Resources where the summary paper was re viewed. Although all three authors are collectively, and individually, responsible for the whole book, Mr. Wolfgang Gluschke assumes a special responsibility for Chapters IV, V and VI, Mr. Joseph F. Shaw for Chapters I, II, and VIII, and Mr. Bension Varon for Chapters III and VII. The work on the book was undertaken under the general supervision and guidance of Mr. Varon, then Assistant Director ofthe United Nations Centre for Natural Resources, Energy and Transport. 212 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Depending on how one construes the kinship relations, technology has been either the stepchild of philosophy or its grandfather. In either case, technology has not been taken into the bosom of the family, but has had to wait for attention, care and feeding, while the more unclear elements - science, art, politics, ethics - were being nurtured (or cleaned up). Don Ihde puts technology in the middle of things, and develops a philosophy of technology that is at once distinctive, revealing and thought provoking. Typically, philosophy of technology has existed at, or beyond, the margins of the philosophy of science, and therefore the question of technology has come to be posed (when it is) either by historians of technology or by social critics. The philosophy of technology, as analysis and critique of the concepts, methodologies, implicit epistemologies and ontologies of technological praxis and thought, has remained underdeveloped. When philosophy does turn its attention to the insistent presence of technology, it inevitably casts the question in one or another of the dominant modes of philosophical interpretation and reconstruction. Thus, the logic of technological thinking and practice has been a subject of some systematic work (e. g. , in the Praxiology of Kotarbinski and Kotarbinska, among others). And the question of technology's relation to science has been posed in the framework of the nomological model of explanation in the sciences - e. g. 196 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -1. The Fundamental Problem of Aesthetics, Seen in an Evolutionary Light (¿Das Grundproblem der ¿thetik in entwicklungsgeschichtlicher Beleuchtung¿, 1909).- 2. The Boundaries of Scientific and Philosophical Concept-Formation (¿Die Grenze der naturwissenschaftlichen und philosophischen Begriffsbildung¿, 1910).- 3. The Nature of Truth in Modern Logic (¿Das Wesen der Wahrheit nach der modernen Logik¿, 1910).- 4. The Present Task of Philosophy (¿Die Aufgabe der Philosophie in der Gegenwart¿, 1911).- 5. What Is Knowing (¿Was ist Erkenntnis ¿, 1911/12).- 6. Is There Intuitive Knowledge (¿Gibt es intuitive Erkenntnis ¿, 1913).- 7. The Philosophical Significance of the Principle of Relativity (¿Die philosophische Bedeutung des Relativit¿prinzips¿, 1915).- 8. Ideality of Space, Introjection and the Psycho-Physical Problem (¿Idealit¿des Raumes, Introjektion und psychophysisches Problem¿, 1916).- 9. Space and Time in Contemporary Physics (Raum und Zeit in der gegenw¿igen Physik, 1917).- 10. Appearance and Essence (¿Erscheinung und Wesen¿, 1917).- 11. On the Value of Knowledge (¿Vom Wert der Erkenntnis¿, 1918).- 12. Philosophical Reflections on the Causal Principle (¿Naturphilosophische Betrachtungen ¿ber das Kausalprinzip¿, 1920).- 13. Critical or Empiricist Interpretation of Modern Physics (¿Kritizistische oder empiristische Deutung der neuen Physik , 1921).- 14. Helmholtz the Epistemologist (¿Helmholtz als Erkenntnistheoretiker¿, 1921).- 15. The Theory of Relativity in Philosophy (¿Die Relativit¿theorie in der Philosophie¿, 1922).- Moritz Schlick Bibliography.- Index Of Names.- Index Of Subjects. 420 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This book has its origins in a resolution passed by the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations in July 1975 requesting the Secretary-General to prepare a 10 to 15 year evaluation of the prospects for copper. The investigation was carried out by the Centre for Natural Resources, Energy and Transport, with the help of consultants, and the results summarized in a report submitted to the Committee on Natural Re sources, a subsidiary body of the Economic and Social Council, in May 1977. This book presents the findings of that investigation in greater detail, draws out the impli cations of those findings more fully, and describes the methodology employed more completely than was possible in the earlier report. It also incorporates the results of additional work carried out by the authors since the spring of 1977 so as to take into account recent developments as well as comments received from the participants at the meeting of the Committee on Natural Resources where the summary paper was re viewed. Although all three authors are collectively, and individually, responsible for the whole book, Mr. Wolfgang Gluschke assumes a special responsibility for Chapters IV, V and VI, Mr. Joseph F. Shaw for Chapters I, II, and VIII, and Mr. Bension Varon for Chapters III and VII. The work on the book was undertaken under the general supervision and guidance of Mr. Varon, then Assistant Director ofthe United Nations Centre for Natural Resources, Energy and Transport. 212 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Although this book is a translation from Dutch, the chief obstacle to be overcome was Husser!'s (German) technical terminology. As I sought English equivalents for German phenomenological terms, I made thankful use of Dorion Cairns' Guidefor Translating Husserl as well as existing translations of Husser!'s works, especially J. N. Findlay's rendering of Logische Untersuchungen. Since the technical terminology in the various translations and English studies of Husser! is far from uniform, I had to devise my own system of equivalents for key Husserlian terms. As I translated the quotations from Husserl's works into English, I did consult the available translations and draw on them, but I endeavored to keep the technical vocabulary uniform -sometimes by fresh translations of the passages quoted and sometimes by slight alterations in the existing translations. I made these changes not so much out of any basic disagreement with other translators as out of a desire to keep the terminology uniform throughout the book. 1 For the benefit of German and French readers not entirely at home with the English phenomeno logical vocabulary, I have included a small translation table in which my English equivalents for some central German terms are listed. Words with cognates or well-established phenomenological terms as their English equivalents have not been included. Finally, I should like to express my thanks to Prof. 572 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -16. The General Subject Matter of Husserl's Phenomenology 45 17. General Thesis and Epoche 46 18. Doubt 47 19. Hyle and Noema 48 49 BIBLIOGRAPHY TRANSLATION OF SELECI'ED TEXTS REFERRED TO IN THE FOOTNOTES 51 INTRODUCTION SECTION I PREFACE Meinong was one of the great philosophers who stand at the beginning of Analytic Philosophy and Phenomenology. He was a contemporary of Husserl, Frege, Mach, and Russell who were either originally or physicists, except Meinong. Meinong was a historian mathematicians and always a philosopher who became increasingly interested in experi mental psychology, under the influence of Franz Brentano. He, as each of his contemporaries, developed his own philosophy. It grew, in a profound fashion, into a very rich realism which was, curiously enoug- based on a staunch empirical attitude. Of all these philosophers, Meinong and Husserl were most closely associated: both of them were students of Brentano and dealt, each. with his own philosophical tools, with the same subject matter, presentations and their objects. Meinong concerned himself, in short critical notes, with Husserl's phenomenology, that is, the first volume of Ideas . . . which was trans 1 lated by W. R. Boyce Gibson. The last section of this Introduction will be devoted to Meinong's criticism of Husserl. It is done in the last section because some of Meinong's theory is presupposed for the understanding of his critique of Husserl. 264 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The essays in this collection are the outgrowth of a workshop, held in June 1976, on formal approaches to the semantics and pragmatics of natural languages. They document in an astoundingly uniform way the develop ments in the formal analysis of natural languages since the late sixties. The avowed aim of the' workshop was in fact to assess the progress made in the application of formal methods to semantics, to confront different approaches to essentially the same problems on the one hand, and, on the other, to show the way in relating semantic and pragmatic explanations of linguistic phenomena. Several of these papers can in fact be regarded as attempts to close the 'semiotic circle' by bringing together the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic properties of certain constructions in an explanatory framework thereby making it more than obvious that these three components of an integrated linguistic theory cannot be as neatly separated as one would have liked to believe. In other words, not only can we not elaborate a syntactic description of (a fragment of) a language and then proceed to the semantics (as Montague pointed out already forcefully in 1968), we cannot hope to achieve an adequate integrated syntax and semantics without paying heed to the pragmatic aspects of the constructions involved. The behavior of polarity items, 'quantifiers' like any, conditionals or even logical particles like and and or in non-indicative sentences is clear-cut evidence for the need to let each component of the grammar inform the other. 392 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Inhaltsangabe1. The Fundamental Problem of Aesthetics, Seen in an Evolutionary Light ('Das Grundproblem der Ästhetik in entwicklungsgeschichtlicher Beleuchtung', 1909).- 2. The Boundaries of Scientific and Philosophical Concept-Formation ('Die Grenze der naturwissenschaftlichen und philosophischen Begriffsbildung', 1910).- 3. The Nature of Truth in Modern Logic ('Das Wesen der Wahrheit nach der modernen Logik', 1910).- 4. The Present Task of Philosophy ('Die Aufgabe der Philosophie in der Gegenwart', 1911).- 5. What Is Knowing ('Was ist Erkenntnis ', 1911/12).- 6. Is There Intuitive Knowledge ('Gibt es intuitive Erkenntnis ', 1913).- 7. The Philosophical Significance of the Principle of Relativity ('Die philosophische Bedeutung des Relativitätsprinzips', 1915).- 8. Ideality of Space, Introjection and the Psycho-Physical Problem ('Idealität des Raumes, Introjektion und psychophysisches Problem', 1916).- 9. Space and Time in Contemporary Physics (Raum und Zeit in der gegenwärtigen Physik, 1917).- 10. Appearance and Essence ('Erscheinung und Wesen', 1917).- 11. On the Value of Knowledge ('Vom Wert der Erkenntnis', 1918).- 12. Philosophical Reflections on the Causal Principle ('Naturphilosophische Betrachtungen über das Kausalprinzip', 1920).- 13. Critical or Empiricist Interpretation of Modern Physics ('Kritizistische oder empiristische Deutung der neuen Physik , 1921).- 14. Helmholtz the Epistemologist ('Helmholtz als Erkenntnistheoretiker', 1921).- 15. The Theory of Relativity in Philosophy ('Die Relativitätstheorie in der Philosophie', 1922).- Moritz Schlick Bibliography.- Index Of Names.- Index Of Subjects. 418 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -InhaltsangabeSyntactic Considerations.- Modal Structures and Morphisms.- Validity.- Completeness.- Löwenheim-Skolem Theorems.- Ultraproducts.- Ultrafilter Pairs and Elementary Embeddings.- Direct Limits.- Model Extensions.- Inductive Theories.- Joint Consistency and Interpolation.- Model Completeness.- Finite Forcing.- Forcing and Model Completions.- Omitting Types and a Two-Cardinal Theorem. 156 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -In spite of the seeming heterogeneity of topics in its title - Revolutions, Systems, and Theories - this volume purports to be something more than a random collection of Essays in Political Philosophy. The Colloquium of the Philosophy Department of the University of Western Ontario (29-31 Octo ber, 1971) at which initial versions of the first eight papers were delivered was entitled 'Political Theory'; and while the organizers anticipated and indeed welcomed topicality in the issues accorded priority arid in the empirical evidence invoked, they were also hoping for a reasonably comprehensive explorat ion of some of the central issues of political philosophy. For this reason it was quickly decided that in such a field a philosophical focus on clarification of ordering concepts required the suppIement - and test - of researches into more particular subject maUers by social scientists. Thus, to speak in general terms (where the specializatlons and their taxonomies multi ply fissiparously!), contributors include political scientists, economists and sociologists (Barnard, Baston, Tullock, Rapoport) as well as philosophers (Scriven, Morgenbesser, Braybrooke, TayIor), and juxtaposed as proponents and commentators to generate exchanges across disciplinary frontiers. While the five additional invited papers are alI by professional philosophers, they extend the original Colloquium either by continuing controversy on its funda mental issues (e. g. , Rubinoff, Nielsen, Roy) or by their continued explorations in what are acknowledged to be boundary areas (e. g. , Schick, Wartofsky). The greatest topical emphasis is that on revolution. 216 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Depending on how one construes the kinship relations, technology has been either the stepchild of philosophy or its grandfather. In either case, technology has not been taken into the bosom of the family, but has had to wait for attention, care and feeding, while the more unclear elements - science, art, politics, ethics - were being nurtured (or cleaned up). Don Ihde puts technology in the middle of things, and develops a philosophy of technology that is at once distinctive, revealing and thought provoking. Typically, philosophy of technology has existed at, or beyond, the margins of the philosophy of science, and therefore the question of technology has come to be posed (when it is) either by historians of technology or by social critics. The philosophy of technology, as analysis and critique of the concepts, methodologies, implicit epistemologies and ontologies of technological praxis and thought, has remained underdeveloped. When philosophy does turn its attention to the insistent presence of technology, it inevitably casts the question in one or another of the dominant modes of philosophical interpretation and reconstruction. Thus, the logic of technological thinking and practice has been a subject of some systematic work (e. g. , in the Praxiology of Kotarbinski and Kotarbinska, among others). And the question of technology's relation to science has been posed in the framework of the nomological model of explanation in the sciences - e. g. 196 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -If our eyes were radio rather than optical wide-band detectors it is well known that for us the brightest object in the sky would still be the Sun; that planets, stars and the Milky Way would still shine feebly (and that we would still occasionally be blinded by man-made sources). What is less well known is that quite a different earthbound overcast would hover about us, with its climatic zones, its seasonal changes, its unpredictable storms and scintillating transparence. To be sure, we can get a sort of glimpse of this peculiar type of weather when we tune our receiver to radio broad casting from some remote spot, or photograph the Earth from space at certain specific wavelengths. Nevertheless no one has ever looked at the ionized shroud of the Earth without the help of sophisticated apparatus, and this is one of the reasons why in this domain the phenomena are not easily abstracted from the use of specific techniques. For generations, the study of the ionosphere has been deeply interwoven with the practice of radio communication and detection. Today however, ionospheric physics is best thought of as a branch of space physics; that part of physics which deals with processes at work in the solar system and methods developed for its exploration. 292 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Although this book is a translation from Dutch, the chief obstacle to be overcome was Husser!'s (German) technical terminology. As I sought English equivalents for German phenomenological terms, I made thankful use of Dorion Cairns' Guidefor Translating Husserl as well as existing translations of Husser!'s works, especially J. N. Findlay's rendering of Logische Untersuchungen. Since the technical terminology in the various translations and English studies of Husser! is far from uniform, I had to devise my own system of equivalents for key Husserlian terms. As I translated the quotations from Husserl's works into English, I did consult the available translations and draw on them, but I endeavored to keep the technical vocabulary uniform -sometimes by fresh translations of the passages quoted and sometimes by slight alterations in the existing translations. I made these changes not so much out of any basic disagreement with other translators as out of a desire to keep the terminology uniform throughout the book. 1 For the benefit of German and French readers not entirely at home with the English phenomeno logical vocabulary, I have included a small translation table in which my English equivalents for some central German terms are listed. Words with cognates or well-established phenomenological terms as their English equivalents have not been included. Finally, I should like to express my thanks to Prof. 572 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -InhaltsangabeV / Philosophy of Physics.- 44. The Present State of the Discussion on Relativity (1922).- 45. The Theory of Motion According to Newton, Leibniz, and Huyghens (1924).- 46. The Relativistic Theory of Time (1924).- 47. The Causal Structure of the World and the Difference between Past and Future (1925).- 48. The Aims and Methods of Physical Knowledge (1929).- (a) The General Theory of Physical Knowledge:.- 1. The Value of Physical Knowledge.- 2. Demarcation between Physics and the Other Natural Sciences.- 3. Physics and Technology.- 4. Physics and Mathematics.- 5. Perception.- 6. The Problem of Reality.- 7. Probability Inference.- 8. The Physical Concept of Truth.- 9. Physical Fact.- 10. Physical Definition.- 11. The Criterion of Simplicity.- 12. The Goal of Physical Knowledge.- (b) Empiricism and Theory in the Individual Principles of Physics.- 13. The Problem of the A Priori.- 14. The Place of Reason in Knowledge.- 15. Space.- 16. The Idealistic and Realistic Conceptions of Space.- 17. Time.- 18. The Connection between Time and Space.- 19. Substance.- 20. Causality.- 21. The Asymmetry of Causality.- 22. Probability.- 23. The Significance of Intuitive Models.- 24. The Epistemological Situation in Quantum Mechanics.- 49. Current Epistemological Problems and the Use of a Three-Valued Logic in Quantum Mechanics (1951).- 50. The Logical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (1952).- 51. The Philosophical Significance of the Wave-Particle Dualism (1953).- VI/Probability and Induction.- 52a. The Physical Presuppositions of the Calculus of Probability (1920).- 52b. Appendix: A Letter to the Editor (1920).- 53. A Philosophical Critique of the Probability Calculus (1920).- 54. Notes on the Problem of Causality [A Letter from Erwin, Schrödinger to Hans Reichenbach] (1924).- 55. Causality and Probability (1930).- 56. The Principle of Causality and the Possibility of Its Empirical Confirmation (1932).- 57. Induction and Probability: Remarks on Karl Popper's The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1935).- 58. The Semantic and the Object Conceptions of Probability Expressions (1939).- 59. A Letter to Bertrand Russell (March 28, 1949).- Bibliography of Writings oF Hans Reichenbach.- Index of Names to Volumes One and Two. 452 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The Fourth Scandinavian Logic Symposium and the First Soviet-Finnish Logic Conference were held in JyvaskyIa, Finland, June 29-July 6, 1976. The Conferences were organized by a committee which consisted of the editors of the present volume. The Conferences were supported financially by the Ministry of Education of Finland, by the Academy of Finland, and by the Division of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science of the International Union of History of Science. The Philosophical Society of Finland and the Jyvaskyla Summer Festival gave valuable help in various practicalities. 35 papers by authors representing 10 countries were presented at the two meetings. Of those papers 24 appear here. THE EDITORS v TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE v PART 1/ PROOF THEORY GEORG KREISEL / Some Facts from the Theory of Proofs and Some Fictions from General Proof Theory 3 DAG PRAWITZ / Proofs and the Meaning and Completeness of the Logical Constants 25 v. A. SMIRNOV / Theory of Quantification and tff-calculi 41 LARS SVENONIUS/Two Kinds of Extensions of Primitive Recursive Arithmetic 49 DIRK VAN DALEN and R. STATMAN / Equality in the Presence of Apartness 95 PART II / INFINITARY LANGUAGES VEIKKO RANTALA / Game-Theoretical Semantics and Back-and- Forth 119 MAARET KAR TTUNEN / Infinitary Languages N oo~. 486 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -These two volumes form a full portrait of Hans Reichenbach, from the school boy and university student to the maturing and creative scholar, who was as well an immensely devoted teacher and a gifted popular writer and speaker on science and philosophy. We selected the articles for several reasons. Many of them have not pre viously been available in English; many are out of print, either in English or in German; some, especially the early ones, have been little known, and deal with subject-matters other than philosophy of science. The genesis and evolu tion of Reichenbach's ideas appeared to be of deep interest, and so we in cluded papers from four decades, despite occasional redundancy. We were, for example, pleased to include his extensive review article from the encyclo pedic Handbuch der Physik of 1929 on 'The Aims and Methods of Physical Knowledge', written at a time of creative collaboration between Reichenbach's Berlin group and the Vienna Circle of Schlick and Carnap. Reichenbach was a pioneer, opening new pathways to the solution of age-old problems in many fields: space, time, causality, induction and probability - philosophical analysis and interpretation of classical physics, relativity and quantum physics - logic, language, ethics, scientific explanation and methodology, critical appreciation and reconstruction of past metaphysical thinkers and scientists from Plato to Leibniz and Kant. Indeed, his own philosophical journey was initiated by his passage from Kant to anti-Kant. 524 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Philosophically, there is a book which was a tremendous experience for me: Eino Kaila's hychology of the Person ality _ His thesis that man lives strictly according to his needs - negative and positive - was shattering to me, but terribly true. And I built on this ground. Ingmar Bergman J 1. This introductory essay is neither intended to be a full presentation nor to be a critical evaluation of the contributions to philosophy made by Eino Kaila. Kaila's work will speak to the reader through the four papers here published in English translation from the German. They belong in the tra dition of the Vienna Circle and of logical empiricism. They cover, however, only one period or sector of Kaila's rich and varied life-work. This is the sector best integrated into the mainstream of contemporary philosophic thinking. The primary aim of this essay is to portray an impressive intellectual personality and to make a modest contribution to Finnish and Scandinavian intellectual history. Much of its content may be thought to be of 'local' relevance only. But considering the position which Kaila held in his country and considering his decisive influence on the development of philosophy in Finland, I hope that this local background will also interest an international circle of readers. 378 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware 334 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware 620 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -V / Philosophy of Physics.- 44. The Present State of the Discussion on Relativity (1922).- 45. The Theory of Motion According to Newton, Leibniz, and Huyghens (1924).- 46. The Relativistic Theory of Time (1924).- 47. The Causal Structure of the World and the Difference between Past and Future (1925).- 48. The Aims and Methods of Physical Knowledge (1929).- (a) The General Theory of Physical Knowledge:.- 1. The Value of Physical Knowledge.- 2. Demarcation between Physics and the Other Natural Sciences.- 3. Physics and Technology.- 4. Physics and Mathematics.- 5. Perception.- 6. The Problem of Reality.- 7. Probability Inference.- 8. The Physical Concept of Truth.- 9. Physical Fact.- 10. Physical Definition.- 11. The Criterion of Simplicity.- 12. The Goal of Physical Knowledge.- (b) Empiricism and Theory in the Individual Principles of Physics.- 13. The Problem of the A Priori.- 14. The Place of Reason in Knowledge.- 15. Space.- 16. The Idealistic and Realistic Conceptions of Space.- 17. Time.- 18. The Connection between Time and Space.- 19. Substance.- 20. Causality.- 21. The Asymmetry of Causality.- 22. Probability.- 23. The Significance of Intuitive Models.- 24. The Epistemological Situation in Quantum Mechanics.- 49. Current Epistemological Problems and the Use of a Three-Valued Logic in Quantum Mechanics (1951).- 50. The Logical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (1952).- 51. The Philosophical Significance of the Wave-Particle Dualism (1953).- VI/Probability and Induction.- 52a. The Physical Presuppositions of the Calculus of Probability (1920).- 52b. Appendix: A Letter to the Editor (1920).- 53. A Philosophical Critique of the Probability Calculus (1920).- 54. Notes on the Problem of Causality [A Letter from Erwin, Schr¿dinger to Hans Reichenbach] (1924).- 55. Causality and Probability (1930).- 56. The Principle of Causality and the Possibility of Its Empirical Confirmation (1932).- 57. Induction and Probability: Remarks on Karl Popper¿s The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1935).- 58. The Semantic and the Object Conceptions of Probability Expressions (1939).- 59. A Letter to Bertrand Russell (March 28, 1949).- Bibliography of Writings oF Hans Reichenbach.- Index of Names to Volumes One and Two. 452 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -These two volumes form a full portrait of Hans Reichenbach, from the school boy and university student to the maturing and creative scholar, who was as well an immensely devoted teacher and a gifted popular writer and speaker on science and philosophy. We selected the articles for several reasons. Many of them have not pre viously been available in English; many are out of print, either in English or in German; some, especially the early ones, have been little known, and deal with subject-matters other than philosophy of science. The genesis and evolu tion of Reichenbach's ideas appeared to be of deep interest, and so we in cluded papers from four decades, despite occasional redundancy. We were, for example, pleased to include his extensive review article from the encyclo pedic Handbuch der Physik of 1929 on 'The Aims and Methods of Physical Knowledge', written at a time of creative collaboration between Reichenbach's Berlin group and the Vienna Circle of Schlick and Carnap. Reichenbach was a pioneer, opening new pathways to the solution of age-old problems in many fields: space, time, causality, induction and probability - philosophical analysis and interpretation of classical physics, relativity and quantum physics - logic, language, ethics, scientific explanation and methodology, critical appreciation and reconstruction of past metaphysical thinkers and scientists from Plato to Leibniz and Kant. Indeed, his own philosophical journey was initiated by his passage from Kant to anti-Kant. 524 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The decision to undertake this volume was made in 1971 at Lake Como during the Varenna summer school ofthe Italian Physical Society, where Professor Leon Rosenfeld was lecturing on the history of quantum theory. We had long been struck by the unique blend of epistemological, histori cal and social concerns in his work on the foundations and development of physics, and decided to approach him there with the idea of publishing a collection of his papers. He responded enthusiastically, and agreed to help us select the papers; furthermore, he also agreed to write a lengthy introduction and to comment separately on those papers that he felt needed critical re-evaluation in the light of his current views. For he was still vigorously engaged in both theoretical investigations of, and critical not reflections on the foundations of theoretical physics. We certainly did conceive of the volume as a memorial to a 'living saint', but rather more practically, as a useful tool to place in the hands of fellow workers and students engaged in wrestling with these difficult problems. All too sadly, fate has added a memorial aspect to our labors. We agreed that in order to make this book most useful for the con temporary community of physicists and philosophers, we should trans late all non-English items into English. 976 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condición: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -skilled in geometry, ingenious devices (!lival), music and astronomy. According to Ibn al-Nad!m and Ibn Khallikän their weakest subject was astronamy, but this seems to conflict with the opinions of Ibn Yunus and al-BIrun!, hoth good judges, who spoke highly of the accuracy of the Banu Musa's astronomical observations. Mul)ammad, who was the most influential of the brothers, specialised in gcomctry and astronomy, and excellcd Al)mad in all the sciences except in the construction of ingenious devices. AI-l:Iasan was a brilliant geometrician with aretenlive memoryand great powers of deduction. A rival onee tried to discredit him in front of al-Ma'mun hy saying that al l:Iasan had read only six of the thirteen books of Euclid's Elements. AI-l:Iasan replied by saying that it was unnecessary for him to read the remainder because he could arrive at the answers to any of Euclid's problem s by deduction. AI-Ma'mun acknowledged al-l:Iasan 's skill, but did not excuse him, saying: 'laziness has prevented you from 2 reading the whole ofit-it is to geometry as the Ictters a, b, t, 111 are to speech and writing. ' (H. 264). AI-l:Iasan is rarely mentioned by name elsewhere in the sources and may have preferred to devote his time to scholarship, whereas his brothers were involved in a variety of undertakings. At the time of their entry into the House of Wisdom the Banu Musil were paar and needy (H. 280 pp. Englisch.