iste ltd london (Más de 4.500 resultados)

Hardcover. Condición: Very Good. Estado de la sobrecubierta: No Dust Jacket. Hardcover without jacket in very good condition. Spine head and the lower leading board corners are bumped. A few very faint dents to the front board. Spine is a little cocked. All content is clear throughout. CM. Used.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. Metaheuristics for Structural Design and Analysis discusses general properties and types of metaheuristic techniques, basic principles of topology, shape and size optimization of structures, and applications of metaheuristic algorithms in solving structural design problems. Analysis of structures using metaheuristic algorithms is also discussed. Comparisons are made with classical methods and modern computational methods through metaheuristic algorithms. The book is designed for senior structural engineering students, graduate students, academicians and practitioners. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. Innovation is an essential growth lever for organizations. Like any strategic element, it must be managed to ensure the right decision is made at the right time. When we talk about management, we naturally also consider management control. However, using management tools can be a danger to developing creativity an essential element of innovation. This book examines the interdependencies between management control and creativity. By comparing two organizational contexts, we highlight the vital role of organizations as generators of creativity. We also underline the acceptance of an imbalance between the elements in tension, which can lead to the questioning and fostering of innovation; and the role of senior management as mediators between organizations and local actors. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. Inequalities and other "social fractures" mark our contemporary economies and societies. While global approaches may have long been sufficient in the past, the focus today is on how local dynamics can make inclusion possible. This two-volume collective work reports on these local dynamics, shedding light on how the creation of inclusive territories can be envisaged and developed. To this end, the involvement of public, private and associative organizations has been identified as one of the conditions for success. In fact, they act both as partners in a territory and as inclusive spaces. Inclusive Territories 1 examines the approaches implemented by several organizations that have made inclusion their wider objective. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. At the end of the Second World War, a new technological trend was born: integrated electronics. This trend relied on the enormous rise of integrable electronic devices. Analog Devices and Circuits is composed of two volumes: the first deals with analog components, and the second with associated analog circuits. The goal here is not to create an overly comprehensive analysis, but rather to break it down into smaller sections, thus highlighting the complexity and breadth of the field. This first volume, after a brief history, describes the two main devices, namely bipolar transistors and MOS, with particular importance given to the modeling aspect. In doing so, we deal with new devices dedicated to radio frequency, which touches on nanoelectronics. We will also address some of the notions related to quantum mechanics. Finally, Monte Carlo methods, by essence statistics, will be introduced, which have become more and more important since the middle of the twentieth century. The second volume deals with the circuits that "use" the analog components that were introduced in Volume 1. Here, a particular emphasis is placed on the main circuit: the operational amplifier. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. Health is an often-overlooked issue in the touristic development of territories. However, the recent pandemic linked to Covid-19, by bringing the tourism sector to a halt, has revealed the importance of health issues for this economic sector.This book deals with the interaction between tourism and health in all its facets and offers a complete overview of the subject, the beginnings of which date back to Antiquity. The arguments presented here are based on a back-and-forth approach between tourism studies and health sciences. Various themes are thus addressed, such as health risks, health issues for travellers linked to tourism practices, medical tourism, health mobility and the global processes that accompany it, as well as the impact of tourism development on public health in destinations.A Back and Forth Between Tourism and Health highlights the need to include the health dimension in tourism planning and invites a paradigm shift in thinking about the tourism sector. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. Industrial cyber-physical systems operate simultaneously in the physical and digital worlds of business and are now a cornerstone of the fourth industrial revolution. Increasingly, these systems are becoming the way forward for academics and industrialists alike. The very essence of these systems, however, is often misunderstood or misinterpreted. This book thus sheds light on the problem areas surrounding cyber-physical systems and provides the reader with the key principles for understanding and illustrating them.Presented using a pedagogical approach, with numerous examples of applications, this book is the culmination of more than ten years of study by the Intelligent Manufacturing and Services Systems (IMS2) French research group, part of the MACS (Modeling, Analysis and Control of Dynamic Systems) research group at the CNRS. It is intended both for engineers who are interested in emerging industrial developments and for masters level students wishing to learn about the industrial systems of the future. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. According to the World Health Organization, one in every ten people worldwide falls ill from eating contaminated food every year, with 550 million cases of diarrheal diseases. Microbiological risk assessment aims to characterize the nature and probability of harm resulting from human exposure to the biological agents that are present in foodstuffs. This assessment must take into account all stages of the chain: from the production of raw materials to consumption. After briefly introducing food safety and risk assessment, this book details the four major steps of microbiological risk assessment. The contributors first present hazard identification and then exposure assessment, which is subdivided into methods for the detection and enumeration of pathogens and for the quantification of the level of exposure. Then, hazard characterization is subdivided into pathogenicity mechanisms and quantification of the doseresponse relationship. Finally a guide for microbiological risk characterization is provided. The conclusion presents possible development avenues for microbiological risk assessment, particularly its integration into a holistic assessment of food systems. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. Smart homes use Internet-connected devices, artificial intelligence, protocols and numerous technologies to enable people to remotely monitor their home, as well as manage various systems within it via the Internet using a smartphone or a computer. A smart home is programmed to act autonomously to improve comfort levels, save energy and potentially ensure safety; the result is a better way of life. Innovative solutions continue to be developed by researchers and engineers and thus smart home technologies are constantly evolving. By the same token, cybercrime is also becoming more prevalent. Indeed, a smart home system is made up of connected devices that cybercriminals can infiltrate to access private information, commit cyber vandalism or infect devices using botnets. This book addresses cyber attacks such as sniffing, port scanning, address spoofing, session hijacking, ransomware and denial of service. It presents, analyzes and discusses the various aspects of cybersecurity as well as solutions proposed by the research community to counter the risks. Cybersecurity in Smart Homes is intended for people who wish to understand the architectures, protocols and different technologies used in smart homes. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. Isogeometric analysis (IGA) consists of using the same higher-order and smooth spline functions for the representation of geometry in Computer Aided Design as for the approximation of solution fields in Finite Element Analysis. Now, about fifteen years after its creation, substantial works are being reported in IGA, which make it very competitive in scientific computing.This book provides a contemporary vision of IGA by first discussing the current challenges in achieving a true bridge between design and analysis, then proposing original solutions that answer the issues from an analytical point of view, and, eventually, studying the shape optimization of structures, which is one of the greatest applications of IGA. To handle complex structures, a full analysis-to-optimization framework is developed, based on non-invasive coupling, parallel domain decomposition and immersed geometrical modeling. This seems to be very robust, taking on all of the attractive features of IGA (the designanalysis link, numerical efficiency and natural regularization), giving us the opportunity to explore new types of design. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. This book reviews the concept of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) by studying the SDN architecture. It provides a detailed analysis of state-of-the-art distributed SDN controller platforms by assessing their advantages and drawbacks and classifying them in novel ways according to various criteria. Additionally, a thorough examination of the major challenges of existing distributed SDN controllers is provided along with insights into emerging and future trends in that area. Decentralization challenges in large-scale networks are tackled using three novel approaches, applied to the SDN control plane presented in the book. The first approach addresses the SDN controller placement optimization problem in large-scale IoT-like networks by proposing novel scalability and reliability aware controller placement strategies. The second and third approaches tackle the knowledge sharing problem between the distributed controllers by suggesting adaptive multilevel consistency models following the concept of continuous Quorum-based consistency. These approaches have been validated using different SDN applications, developed from real-world SDN controllers. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. For a long time, favelas were a source of fear for tourists visiting Rio de Janeiro. Now that they are more appealing, some have become popular tourist destinations even though they are still regarded as an "off the beaten track" activity. Favela Tours analyzes the factors behind the emergence of tourism in the favelas, places of otherness and authenticity for visitors who come mainly from Western Europe and North America. Based on ethnography of those involved in these practices (guides, residents and tourists), this book describes how the local and global forces are converging to make favelas part of the western tourism system: a mechanism for fabricating and assimilating otherness. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. Today's information technology, along with Artificial Intelligence (AI), is moving towards total communication between all computerized systems. AI is a representation of human intelligence based on the creation and application of algorithms in specific computer environments. Its aim is to enable computers to act like human beings. For it to work, this type of technology requires computer systems, data with management systems and advanced algorithms, used by AI. In mechanical engineering, AI can offer many possibilities: in mechanical construction, predictive maintenance, plant monitoring, robotics, additive manufacturing, materials, vibration control and agro composites, among many others. This book is dedicated to Artificial Intelligence uncertainties in mechanical problems. Each chapter clearly sets out used and developed illustrative examples. Aimed at students, Uncertainty and Artificial Intelligence is also a valuable resource for practicing engineers and research lecturers. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. Complexity is not a new issue. In fact, in their day, William of Ockham and Rene Descartes proposed what can best be described as reductionist methods for dealing with it. Over the course of the twentieth century, a science of complexity has emerged in an ever-increasing number of fields (computer science, artificial intelligence, engineering, among others), and has now become an integral part of everyday life. As a result, everyone is confronted with increasingly complex situations that need to be understood and analyzed from a global perspective, to ensure the sustainability of our common future. Complexities 1 analyzes how complexity is understood and dealt with in the fields of cybersecurity, medicine, mathematics and information. This broad spectrum of disciplines shows that all fields of knowledge are challenged by complexity. The following volume, Complexities 2, examines the social sciences and humanities in relation to complexity. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. The dominance of trusted intermediaries could be weakened by blockchain, a distributed ledger technology, one of the functions of which is to constitute timestamped proofs by replacing inter-individual trust with algorithmic trust. Blockchain self-executing smart contracts allow us to rethink the practice in the domain of e-commerce, interbank communication, fundraising (and ICOs), justice (timestamping evidence, acts authenticated by blockchain) and businesses in numerous sectors (entertainment, AI, health, real estate, tourism, transport, etc.) which attempt to propose new services by benefiting from blockchains. This book aims to put into perspective the technical innovations and the uses brought about by blockchain, by identifying that which has a medium- or long-term impact, all while taking into account the social, economic, judicial and administrative resistances that are likely to develop. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. The ever-growing number of medical services offered by digital healthcare applications is greatly influencing the medical sector on a global scale. These applications improve patient follow-up through predictive, preventative, personalized, participative and precision medicine. This new therapeutic era provides novel innovative approaches in medical care that can be understood as digital therapy. Digital Therapy thus presents an overview of the many incremental technologies in digital healthcare. Among those covered are humanoid assistance robots developed to meet caring challenges and artificial intelligence techniques that show promising results in the early diagnosis of certain chronic diseases. The book also outlines recommendations for reducing incapacitation in healthsystem management during coronary disease epidemics. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. Cultural heritage is increasingly recognized for its contributions to the transition to climate action, and heritage education can play an important role in developing climate adaptation competencies. These can foster positive dialogs surrounding climate change, shift attitudes and inspire actions. However, achieving these goals requires bridging the gap between policy, practice and local capacity building, as well as integrating a multi- and transdisciplinary approach into traditional higher education curricula and models. Bringing together knowledge, practice and experiences from different disciplinary silos, this book provides a wide set of innovative teaching and learning methods, tools and pedagogical models that can be adapted to heritage education in order to address climate issues. Organized into four parts, Heritage Education for Climate Action covers a wide array of international experiences, real-life cases and practices, focusing on heritage and resilience building, vulnerability and risk assessment, climate change adaptation, mitigation and policymaking. This book is therefore a source of suggestions and ideas for scholars, educators and professionals who want to develop future climate leadership and contribute to the transition of heritage education toward sustainable development and climate action. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. Optimizing the process of converting heat into mechanical power is a major challenge when it comes to meeting targets for protecting primary energy resources and minimizing our environmental impact. For many years to come, the use of thermal engines will continue to be necessary for transportation on land, by sea and by air, as well as for many industrial applications. Against this background, Thermodynamics of Heat Engines aims to present a comprehensive overview of the thermodynamic concepts, including combustion, that are necessary for understanding the phenomena governing the energy efficiency of internal and external combustion engines as well as that of gas turbines and jet propulsion engines. Existing and developing industrial applications, based on combined heat and power (CHP) or the use of staged cycles, are presented, with particular attention paid to the recovery of low temperature waste heat. This book, which is mainly intended for university and engineering students but is also useful for engineers and technicians working in the fields concerned, provides a basis for reflection on the optimization of energy systems. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. This book studies the flow of materials and the influence of strain rates on the relationship between imposed stresses and the dynamic deformations obtained. It provides applications for shaping, molecular molding, shrink-fit assembly and welding, including details of the various specific processes for implementation at high strain rates, illustrated by numerous industrial examples. Rheology, Physical and Mechanical Behavior of Materials 1 presents analyses of plasticity mechanisms at microscopic and macroscopic scales, and of the various forms of stressstrain behavior laws according to working speeds, mechanisms, athermics, viscoplasticity and formability limits at types and speeds of change. It is aimed at researchers involved in the mechanics of deformable media, as well as industrial design and manufacturing departments Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. This book is the second of four dealing with bioclimatic design and construction by focusing on the most basic and polyvalent of modern environmental systems: the bioclimatic greenhouse, the "Swiss-army chainsaw" of architecture. More specifically, this second volume focuses on how the structure of bioclimatic wooden greenhouses may be designed and built. In more general terms, it helps us consider how to design and build the structure of bioclimatic, low-energy architecture, with low environmental impact. This multi-volume book covers both free-standing greenhouses that can naturally heat and cool themselves, and lean-to greenhouses that support the natural heating and cooling of buildings; this includes both agricultural greenhouses and greenhouses suited to host people. As a result, it is a trans-disciplinary work deriving its areas of concern from a broad range of study areas, spanning from environmental, to constructional, to structural, drawing the clarity of the approach from the fact that the topics are presented by a single author with a single voice and a designer's mindset. To achieve this, the book adopts a composite set of explanatory strategies and communication registers including extensive support by 3D construction drawings and examples and presents not only stateof-the-art solutions, but also experimental ones. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. This book is the third of four dealing with bioclimatic design and construction by focusing on the most basic and polyvalent of modern environmental systems: the bioclimatic greenhouse, the "Swiss-army chainsaw" of architecture. More specifically, this third volume focuses on how the envelope of bioclimatic wooden greenhouses may be designed and built. In more general terms, it helps us to consider how to design and build the transparent and opaque enclosures of bioclimatic, low-energy architecture, with low environmental impact. This multi-volume book covers both free-standing greenhouses that can naturally heat and cool themselves, and lean-to greenhouses that support the natural heating and cooling of buildings; this includes both agricultural greenhouses and greenhouses suited to host people. As a result, it is a trans-disciplinary work deriving its areas of concern from a broad range of study areas, spanning from environmental, to constructional, to structural, drawing the clarity of the approach from the fact that the topics are presented by a single author with a single voice and a designer's mindset. To achieve this, the book adopts a composite set of explanatory strategies and communication registers including extensive support by 3D construction drawings and examples and presents not only stateof-the-art solutions, but also experimental ones. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. This book is the first of four dealing with bioclimatic design and construction by focusing on the most basic and polyvalent of modern environmental systems: the bioclimatic greenhouse, the "Swiss-army chainsaw" of architecture. More specifically, this first volume focuses on preliminary bioclimatic design of greenhouses, laying down fundamental principles that are also likely to be invaluable in designing, in more general terms, bioclimatic and low-energy architecture, with low environmental impact. This multi-volume book covers both free-standing greenhouses that can naturally heat and cool themselves, and lean-to greenhouses that support the natural heating and cooling of buildings; this includes both agricultural greenhouses and greenhouses suited to host people. As a result, it is a trans-disciplinary work deriving its areas of concern from a broad range of study areas, spanning from environmental, to constructional, to structural, drawing the clarity of the approach from the fact that the topics are presented by a single author with a single voice and a designer's mindset. To achieve this, the book adopts a composite set of explanatory strategies and communication registers including extensive support by 3D construction drawings and examples and presents not only stateof-the-art solutions, but also experimental ones. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. Public key cryptography was introduced by Diffie and Hellman in 1976, and it was soon followed by concrete instantiations of public-key encryption and signatures; these led to an entirely new field of research with formal definitions and security models. Since then, impressive tools have been developed with seemingly magical properties, including those that exploit the rich structure of pairings on elliptic curves. Asymmetric Cryptography starts by presenting encryption and signatures, the basic primitives in public-key cryptography. It goes on to explain the notion of provable security, which formally defines what "secure" means in terms of a cryptographic scheme. A selection of famous families of protocols are then described, including zero-knowledge proofs, multi-party computation and key exchange. After a general introduction to pairing-based cryptography, this book presents advanced cryptographic schemes for confidentiality and authentication with additional properties such as anonymous signatures and multi-recipient encryption schemes. Finally, it details the more recent topic of verifiable computation. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. This book is dedicated to the study of the theory of electromagnetism. It is not intended to cover all aspects of the topic, but instead will give a certain perspective, that of its relationship with special relativity. Indeed, special relativity is intrinsic to electromagnetism; thus, this paradigm eliminates some false paradoxes. Electromagnetism also discusses the limit of classical mechanics, and covers problems that arise when phenomena related to the propagation of electromagnetic waves are encountered. These are problems that even the greatest scientists of the last two hundred years have not been able to entirely overcome. This book is directed towards the undergraduate level, and will also support the readers as they move on to advanced technical training, such as an engineering or master's degree. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. Data structures and algorithms is a fundamental course in Computer Science, which enables learners across any discipline to develop the much-needed foundation of efficient programming, leading to better problem solving in their respective disciplines. A Textbook of Data Structures and Algorithms is a textbook that can be used as course material in classrooms, or as self-learning material. The book targets novice learners aspiring to acquire advanced knowledge of the topic. Therefore, the content of the book has been pragmatically structured across three volumes and kept comprehensive enough to help them in their progression from novice to expert. With this in mind, the book details concepts, techniques and applications pertaining to data structures and algorithms, independent of any programming language. It includes 181 illustrative problems and 276 review questions to reinforce a theoretical understanding and presents a suggestive list of 108 programming assignments to aid in the implementation of the methods covered. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. The main objective of this book is to offer an overview and a critical assessment of current connectivity issues in Asia and Europe, seen from an industrial perspective. Critical insights into the contemporary debate on connectivity during times of crisis, which has led to significant economic and social disruptions, are offered throughout the book. European and Asian countries seek to "bounce forward" and not "bounce back" as they navigate the complex economic recovery process. Innovation and investment emerge as critical players to help an economic recovery that shifts towards a more resilient and environmentally friendly approach, to ensure that the world economies stay connected. The global health crisis has revealed that, more than ever before, ubiquitous connectivity, underpinned by pioneering innovation, is a must. As such, governments worldwide need to ensure that businesses and societies emerge stronger and more resilient from existing and emerging crises by laying solid foundations that help to circumnavigate future disruptions of a global magnitude. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. This edited book consists of a collection of original articles written by leading industry and academic experts in the area of climate investing. The chapters introduce the reader to some of the latest research developments in the area of low-carbon investing and climate change solutions. Each chapter deals with new methods for estimating portfolio carbon footprints, constructing Paris-aligned equity and multi-asset portfolios and hedging climate risks. This title will be of great help to portfolio managers, asset owners and consultants, as well as academics and students who want to improve their knowledge and understanding of climate investing. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. The Sun, our star, has inspired the research of many scientists and engineers and brings hope to many of us for a paradigm shift in energy. Indeed, the applications of solar energy are manifold, primarily because it concerns both light and heat. Photovoltaic (PV) conversion is the most well-known among these, but other modes of conversion include photochemical, photobiological, photoelectrochemical, thermal and thermochemical.This book covers the entire chain of conversion from the Sun to the targeted energy vector (heat, electricity, gaseous or liquid fuels). Beginning with the state of the art, subsequent chapters address solar resources, concentration and capture technologies, the science of flows and transfers in solar receivers, materials with controlled optical properties, thermal storage, hybrid systems (PV-thermal) and synthetic fuels (hydrogen and synthetic gas).Written by a number of experts in the field, Concentrating Solar Thermal Energy provides an insightful overview of the current landscape of the knowledge regarding the most recent applications of concentrating technologies. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. This book is the fourth of four dealing with bioclimatic design and construction by focusing on the most basic and polyvalent of modern environmental systems: the bioclimatic greenhouse, the "Swiss-army chainsaw" of architecture. More specifically, this fourth volume focuses on architectural integration, environmental prediction and how to simulate and structurally size a bioclimatic wooden greenhouse. In more general terms, it helps us to consider how to design and build the structure of bioclimatic, low-energy architecture, with low environmental impact. This multi-volume book covers both free-standing greenhouses that can naturally heat and cool themselves, and lean-to greenhouses that support the natural heating and cooling of buildings; this includes both agricultural greenhouses and greenhouses suited to host people. As a result, it is a trans-disciplinary work deriving its areas of concern from a broad range of study areas, spanning from environmental, to constructional, to structural, drawing the clarity of the approach from the fact that the topics are presented by a single author with a single voice and a designer's mindset. To achieve this, the book adopts a composite set of explanatory strategies and communication registers including extensive support by 3D construction drawings and examples and presents not only stateof-the-art solutions, but also experimental ones. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condición: new. Hardcover. The public space of democracies is constructed in a context that is marked by the digital transformation of the economy and society. This construction is carried out primarily through deliberation. Deliberation informs and guides both individual and collective action. To shed light on the concept of deliberation, it is important to consider the rationality of choice; but what type of rationality is this? References to economic reason are at once widespread, crucial and controversial. This book therefore deals with arguments used by individuals based on the notions of preferential choice and rational behavior, and also criticizes them. These arguments are examined in the context of the major themes of public debate that help to construct the contemporary public space: "populism", social insurance, social responsibility and environmental issues. Economic Reason and Political Reason underlines the importance of the pragmatist shift of the 2000s and revisits, through the lens of this new approach, the great utilitarian and Rawlsian normative constructs that dominated normative political economics at the end of the 20th century. Alternative approaches, based on the concept of deliberative democracy, are proposed and discussed. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.