Chapter 1 Introduction, 1, 
Chapter 2 Leak detection technologies, 5, 
Chapter 3 Principles of pressure management, 19, 
Chapter 4 The repair or replace dilemma Jo Parker, 51, 
Chapter 5 Community awareness and education, 69, 
Chapter 6 Meter logging and recording, 87, 
Chapter 7 Large consumer meter consolidation and improvements: Planning, implementation and benefits, 109, 
Chapter 8 Software tools to assist with water loss reduction in municipal systems, 121, 
Chapter 9 International case studies from around the world, 143, 
Chapter 9.1 Application in water loss reduction project in Bosnia and Herzegovina Ðevad Koldzo and Branko Vucijak, 144, 
Chapter 9.2 Large scale water loss management improvement programme in Zagreb (Croatia) water distribution network Kristijan Ilicic, Jurica Kovac, Vlado Herceg, Berislav Bohatka, Mario Medven and Ivan Grdenic, 151, 
Chapter 9.3 Analysis of the water losses from the aspect of central water meters in objects of collective housing Bajci Angela and Radovanov Milenko, 160, 
Chapter 9.4 Water loss management in Novi Sad water utility, Serbia Zlatko Arvaji and Ikonija Karadzic, 170, 
Chapter 9.5 Continuous acoustic monitoring – evolution of an innovation in the USA David Hughes, 176, 
Chapter 9.6 Establishing the first validated dataset of North American water utility water audit data A. Chastain-Howley, G. Kunkel and W. Jernigan, 182,

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Water losses from municipal reticulation systems are becoming a serious problem throughout the world and particularly in developing countries where lack of funds often results in poor maintenance of the water infrastructure. In some areas, the water losses are now estimated to be higher than the actual legitimate water use and the situation is gradually deteriorating to such an extent that intermittent supply is now the norm rather than the exception in some parts of the world.

The International Water Association has identified water loss from municipal systems as one of the most important issues facing a world where the ever increasing population is placing additional strain on systems which are already failing to meet the current demands. In response to these problems, the Water Losses Specialist Group was formed and has emerged as one of the most active and significant groups within the IWA. Its key function is to share the knowledge from specialists throughout the world to assist water suppliers to manage and reduce their water losses. Through the efforts of the group, many new and innovative techniques have been developed to measure, monitor and analyse water losses from municipal water supply systems. A standard water balance has been developed which is now widely accepted worldwide and enables water suppliers to quantify the magnitude of their water losses in a standard and pragmatic approach after which they can select the most appropriate interventions for a specific area. No "one-size fits all" solution is appropriate when trying to deal with water losses and it is important to understand that each area has its own set of problems, some of which may be common to other areas and some of which may be unique to a specific region. It is therefore necessary to identify the key problems and to implement the appropriate interventions.

This book provides a basic overview of the key issues frequently experienced by water supply managers in both developing and developed countries. It is designed to assist water supply managers to understand the problems experienced in their own systems and provides advice on how the problems can be addressed through examples and practical case studies. The book is non-academic and is aimed at providing information and advice in a practical and easy to understand manner. The book is basically a collection of case studies and practical experience from numerous water loss specialists who have worked around the world and have experienced both 'best practice' and the opposite extreme. It is hoped that by providing such examples and case studies, water supply managers and those employed to assist them, can benefit from both the successes and failures discussed in the book.

1.1 THE TECHNOLOGY MATRICES

The choice of a particular leak detection/location technique and technology depends on the operating conditions and construction material of the pipeline in question. To assist in making this determination, four different matrices have been developed.

(1) Mains fittings only – high pressure

• For leakage detection on mains fittings only (no house connections) with pressures greater than 10 m head or 15 psi. Fittings are at a minimum distance of 200 m apart and maximum 500 m

(2) Mains fittings only – low pressure

• For leakage detection on mains fittings only (no house connections) with pressures less than 10 m head or 15 psi. Fittings are at a minimum distance of 200 m apart and maximum 500 m

(3) Domestic and mains fittings – high pressure

• For leakage detection on all property and mains fittings with pressures greater than 10 m head or 15 psi. Fittings are at a minimum distance of 10 m apart and maximum 50 m

(4) Domestic and mains fittings – low pressure

• For leakage detection on all property and mains fittings with pressures less than 10 m head or 15 psi. Fittings are at a minimum distance of 10 m apart and maximum 50 m

The matrices consider the following pipeline materials:

• Metallic

* Includes steel, ductile iron and other ferrous materials

• Concrete

* Includes reinforced concrete, pre-stressed concrete pipe (PCP)

• Asbestos cement

• Glass-reinforced plastic (GRP)

• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

• Polyethylene

* MDPE medium density poly ethylene

* HDPE high density poly ethylene

The technologies available are discussed in more detail later in this document. The equipment has been placed in the selected categories where it is reliably successful. The equipment may sometimes be successful in other categories but not reliably so.

Note that new equipment is continuously being developed: these matrices only take into account equipment that was available during the preparation of the matrices (up to December 2012).

1.1.1 Main pipelines only – high pressure

This matrix is for leakage detection on mains fittings only (no house connections) with pressures greater than 10 m head or 15 psi. Fittings are at a minimum distance of 200 m apart and maximum 500 m.

1.1.2 Main pipelines only – low pressure

This matrix is for leakage detection on mains fittings only (no house connections) with pressures less than 10 m head or 15 psi. Fittings are at a minimum distance of 200 m apart and maximum 500 m.

1.1.3 Domestic and mains fittings – high pressure

This matrix is for leakage detection on all property and mains fittings with pressures greater than 10 m head or 15 psi. Fittings are at a minimum distance of 10 m apart and maximum 50 m.

1.1.4 Domestic and mains fittings – low pressure

This matrix is for leakage detection on all property and mains fittings with pressures less than 10 m head or 15 psi. Fittings are at a minimum distance of 10 m apart and maximum 50 m.

CHAPTER 2

Leak detection technologies

There are a vast number of techniques to detect where leakage is occurring in the network. Location accuracy depends on many factors, and the subsequent portions of this document provide further detail. Some techniques are able to approximate or localize the position of a leak while others can find exact locations. Often a tool-box approach is used, where multiple technologies are deployed.

2.1 METHOD A: GAS INJECTION METHOD

This method uses a gas detector to find the presence of a tracer gas that has been injected into a pipeline. While helium can be used, the most common tracer gas is hydrogen due to its lower cost and high performance.

Hydrogen is the lightest gas and has the lowest viscosity. This makes it easy to fill, evacuate and dissipate. Typically diluted 5% in nitrogen, the gas can be injected into buried and ducted cables, pipelines and also small diameter in-house heating pipes.

The gas injection method can be used to detect leaks in all pipe materials from 75 mm to 1000 mm in diameter. It can be used on pipes of greater diameter but for obvious reasons a considerable amount of gas would be required. The pipeline can be empty of water or full, however with the pipeline full of water, less gas is required to be used to find the leak.

To accurately locate the leaking gas which comes to the surface after leaving the leak in the pipe, the direction of the water flow must be known and the gas should be kept within the pipeline in which the leak is suspected. This requires the closure of any branches/off-takes which may cause the gas to be diluted or transferred away from the pipeline in question. The mixing of the gas with water does not affect the water quality. This methodology can be used in all types of sealed tubes including cables and pipelines. The material has no effect on the gas injected.

2.2 METHOD B: MANUAL LISTENING STICK

The stethoscope or listening stick has an earpiece and is used to listen to leaks in fittings and to pinpoint the location of a leak. It is a widely used piece of equipment for many water utilities. The material of the listening stick can be metal, wooden or plastic. This technique is dependent on the ability of the engineer to hear the leak and uses no electronic equipment to enhance the sound.

This technique is best suited for use on metallic pipelines between 75 mm and 250 mm and with pressures above 10 m (15 psi). The material or pipe size does not prevent the listening stick from being able to pinpoint the leak from the surface, but what does affect this is the type of leak, ground backfill material, pressure of the water leaving the pipe, background noise and the ability of the engineer (Figure 2.1).

2.3 METHODS C AND D: LEAK NOISE CORRELATION

Leak noise correlation works by comparing the noise detected at two different points in the pipeline. Assuming consistent pipe material and diameter, the noise travels from the leak in both directions at a constant velocity, so that if the leak is equidistant between two sensors then these sensors will detect the noise at the same time. Conversely, if the leak is not equidistant, then the sensors will detect the same noise at different times – this difference in arrival times is measured by the correlation process.

The following diagram illustrates this principle (Figure 2.2):

The sensors are located on valves A and B (convenient access points for underground pipes), and as shown, the leak position is closer to A.

By the time an instance of noise from the leak has reached A, the same noise heading towards B has only travelled as far as point X. The distance from X to B causes a time delay (t) before the noise arrives at B. The correlation processing detects the delay (t) between the arrival of the noise at A and its arrival at B. If the velocity of sound is V and the distance between the loggers is D, then as the distance from X to B = V * t.

Then D = (2 * L) + (V* t).

This equation may be rearranged to give L, the distance from the nearer logger to the leak site:

L = D - (V * t)/2

Correlation measures the time delay (t). The distance between the sensors must be determined by accurate measurement.

The sound velocity depends upon pipe material, pipe diameter and, to a lesser extent, on surrounding soil. Often, theoretical values of sound velocity are used and this is fine for a first approximation of the leak position. However, the velocity will vary due to many factors, and significantly so if a repair section of a different pipe material exists. Sound velocity must therefore be measured or, alternatively, multiple correlations carried out.

With all correlation techniques, practitioners should be aware that any noise source can result in a correlation peak and all results should thus be treated as 'points of interest' until confirmed. Confirmation is usually done using a ground microphone.

It is important to note that the capability of correlators is dependent on the pressure and level of background noise within the network. Furthermore, correlation can become impossible, because it requires two monitoring points, one on each side of the leak and the attenuation often causes leak signals to disappear at one or both points.

Leak noise correlation requires a noise signal. There are two types of noise transducer in normal use: accelerometers and hydrophones. These have significant differences in their deployment and uses, and have hence been identified as two different methods in the sections below.

2.4 METHOD C: CORRELATION USING ACCELEROMETERS

To perform correlation using accelerometers, two sensors are deployed on pipe fittings, so no access to the water inside the pipe is required. The sensors are then positioned on either side of the suspect leak position. Accelerometers respond to acceleration and so tend to be more responsive to higher frequencies

Accelerometers are most effective on metallic pipes and tend to be less effective with non-metallic pipes. This is due to both the rapid attenuation of high frequency signals in many non-metallic pipes and the impedance mismatch between the pipe material and the metal fittings normally used to site accelerometers. However their ease of deployment and low-cost make them an attractive choice when trying to localize leaks (Figure 2.3).

2.5 METHOD D: CORRELATION USING HYDROPHONES

Leak location on plastic pipes and in large diameter pipes is difficult because they become more elastic as the pipe material gets softer, or the ratio of pipe wall thickness to overall diameter increases. This results in more rapid absorption of leak energy into the pipe material and surrounding soil, with resultant attenuation as distance from the leak increases.

Furthermore, higher frequency leak noise energy is absorbed much more rapidly than low frequency energy.

Accelerometers placed on the outside of the pipe detect the energy lost into the pipe wall. The water-borne wave is detected directly by hydrophones placed into the water at convenient fittings such as fire hydrants. Combined with advanced filtering technology, particularly at very low acoustic frequencies, hydrophones are beneficial in enabling leak location on plastic pipes and on larger diameter mains (Figure 2.4).

Hydrophone-based acoustic correlation techniques are beneficial in locating leaks in difficult situations. These situations are likely to occur in the following:

• Large diameter or trunk mains

• Plastic pipes

• Pipes with large distances between available pipe access points

• When high acoustic background noise exists, often due to traffic, and so on.

2.6 METHOD E: IN-LINE LEAK DETECTION TECHNIQUES

Specifically designed for large diameter pipes, in-line systems are able to discriminate between multiple leaks in a single length of pipeline. Pipelines can be inspected while under pressure and in service, and leaks are accurately located. Equipment is suitable for potable water applications, and no disruption to customers is needed.

There are two types of in-line systems; tethered and free swimming. Both have their advantages and disadvantages, but in both cases a sensor passes directly beside leaks, meaning that neither the pipe material nor the type of leak is relevant. The proximity of the sensor to any leak also results in very sensitive systems and the detection of small leaks.

2.6.1 Tethered systems

Tethered systems operate by deploying a hydrophone into the pipeline to be inspected. The hydrophone is connected to a signal processing and display unit via an umbilical cable. The sensor travels along inside the pipe pulled by the flow of water acting on a drogue (parachute) attached to the front of the sensor. As the sensor passes any leak in the pipeline it will detect the noise being generated by the water escaping through the leak. At this point the operator is able to stop deployment of the sensor (by stopping deployment of the umbilical) and then position the sensor at the leak position by withdrawing or deploying the umbilical as necessary.

Once the sensor is sited at the leak, the position of the sensor can be determined using a locating system mounted in the sensor head. A second operator can track the position of the sensor head during deployment using this locating device giving an accurate indication of the sensor location and pipe track. Having pinpointed the position of the sensor, the exact location of any leak can be marked on the ground over the pipe (Figure 2.5).

Tethered systems are best suited to work in relatively straight pipelines where deployments of up to 2 km from a single insertion point are possible; other constraints may restrict the length that can be surveyed from each insertion point. Careful planning of the work will maximize the distance that can be surveyed.

Tethered systems are deployed through a tapping made into the pipe. Typically these insertion points may be air-valve connections, insertion flowmeter tappings or specially installed points.

Tethered systems that can access the main through fire hydrants are also available. Alternative sensors, including video and ultrasonic pipe-wall inspection, are also available (Figure 2.6).

2.6.2 Free swimming systems

Free-swimming data acquisition systems for detecting leaks in fluid pipelines are also available. These systems are inserted into a live pipeline and pushed along the pipeline by the water flow. At the end of the inspection, a net or similar capture device is used to catch and extract the system from the pipeline or they are discharged into an open catchment area such as a reservoir and recovered from there; an acoustic recording is made during the entire inspection.

(Continues...)

Excerpted from Water Management and Water Loss by Stuart Hamilton, Ronnie McKenzie. Copyright © 2014 IWA Publishing. Excerpted by permission of IWA Publishing.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.

“Acerca de” puede pertenecer a otra edición de este título.

PBShop.store US

Wood Dale, IL, Estados Unidos de America

Vendedor de 5 estrellas

Vendedor de IberLibro desde 7 de abril de 2005

Tarifas de envío en Estados Unidos de America

Artículo	De 7 a 14 días hábiles	De 7 a 14 días hábiles
Primer artículo	EUR 0,00	EUR 0,00

Los plazos de entrega los establecen los vendedores y varían según el transportista y la ubicación. Los pedidos que pasan por la aduana pueden sufrir retrasos y los compradores son responsables de los aranceles o tarifas asociadas. Los vendedores pueden ponerse en contacto con usted en relación con cargos adicionales para cubrir cualquier aumento en los costes de envío de los artículos.

Métodos de pago

Descripción de la tienda

We first started out as “The Paperback Exchange,” a chain of physical bookstores where we would part exchange your beloved books for new stories to transport you to faraway places. However, as shopping started to evolve to online shops and marketplaces, we bid our stores goodbye to become “PBShop.” This transition has only allowed us to blossom as we now ship thousands of titles to book lovers across the globe. We pride ourselves in being a community of local book lovers which allows our passion and devotion to shine in everything we do. In 2020 we not only celebrated our 20th birthday but our 1st birthday as being completely employee owned after becoming an E.O.T in September 2019. We are proud to be different and embrace standing apart on a book mountain by working from a virtual inventory which allows us to provide thousands of books that may be difficult to get for your bookshelf or your studies. Working with a number of different suppliers allows us to explore other avenues such as puzzles, sheet music and even stationery so we really do have something for everyone. Life is about being versatile in all realms of existence. If this is your first visit or you are a returning customer, we would like to welcome you to the PBShop family, for there is no friend as loyal as a book. We are a company who put our customers at the centre of everything we do as we understand the importance of reading because once you learn to read, you will forever be free. There are a whole lot of things in this world of ours that we are yet to explore, which is why we will forever inspire curious minds.…

Especialidad

Hardbacks, Paperbacks

Información empresarial del vendedor

Pbshop.co.uk Ltd

Unit 22 Horcott Industrial Estate, Horcott Road
Fairford, Reino Unido GL7 4BX

Contactar con el vendedorVer los artículos de este vendedorVer la página principal del vendedor

Condiciones de venta

Returns Policy
We ask all customers to contact us for authorisation should they wish to return their order. Orders returned without authorisation may not be credited.
If you wish to return, please contact us within 14 days of receiving your order to obtain authorisation.

Returns requested beyond this time will not be authorised.

Our team will provide full instructions on how to return your order and once received our returns department will process your refund.
Please note the cost to return any unwanted order to us is borne by the buyer.

Should your order arrive damaged, not as advertised or faulty, we must be advised of this within 14 days of delivery. Please contact us so we can find the best solution for you.

Our Customer Care Team can be contacted via emailing paperback-us@paperbackshop.co.uk, or by calling our UK Office on +441285 712 917. We are available 9:00am till 5:30pm GMT weekdays and 9:00am till 1:00pm GMT on Saturdays.

Derecho al desistimiento

Si es un consumidor, puede rescindir el contrato de acuerdo con lo siguiente. Por consumidor se entiende cualquier persona física que actúe con fines ajenos a su actividad comercial, empresarial, oficio o profesión.

Información sobre el derecho de desistimiento

Derecho legal de desistimiento

Tiene derecho a rescindir este contrato en un plazo de 14 días sin dar ningún motivo.

El periodo de desistimiento vencerá a los 14 días desde que usted, o un tercero que no sea el transportista e indicado por usted, adquiera la posesión física del último bien o del último lote o pieza.

Para ejercer el derecho de desistimiento, complete de forma electrónica y envíe una declaración clara en nuestro sitio web, desde "Mis compras" en "Mi cuenta". Le enviaremos sin demora un acuse de recibo de dicho desistimiento a través de un soporte duradero (por ejemplo, por correo electrónico).

Para cumplir con el plazo de desistimiento, basta con que envíe su comunicación relativa al ejercicio del derecho de desistimiento antes de que venza el periodo de desistimiento.

Efectos del desistimiento

Si rescinde este contrato, le reembolsaremos todos los pagos que hayamos recibido de usted, incluidos los gastos de envío (excepto los gastos adicionales que surjan si elige un tipo de envío que no sea el tipo de envío estándar más económico que ofrecemos).

Podemos hacer una deducción del reembolso por la pérdida de valor de cualquier bien suministrado, si la pérdida es el resultado de una manipulación innecesaria por su parte.

Efectuaremos el reembolso sin demoras indebidas y, a más tardar, 14 días después de que se nos informe de su decisión de rescindir este contrato.

Efectuaremos el reembolso utilizando el mismo medio de pago que utilizó para la transacción inicial, a menos que haya acordado expresamente lo contrario; en cualquier caso, no incurrirá en ningún cargo como resultado de dicho reembolso.

Podremos retener el reembolso hasta que hayamos recibido los bienes o hasta que nos haya presentado una prueba de que los ha devuelto, lo que ocurra primero.

Deberá devolver los bienes o entregarlos a PBShop.store US, Springfield Gardens, New York, U.S.A., +44 1285 712917, sin demoras indebidas y, en cualquier caso, en un plazo máximo de 14 días a partir del día en que nos comunique su desistimiento del presente contrato. El plazo se cumple si devuelve la mercancía antes de que venza el periodo de 14 días. Tendrá que asumir los gastos directos de devolución de los bienes. Usted solo es responsable de la disminución del valor de los bienes como resultado de una manipulación distinta a la necesaria para establecer la naturaleza, las características y el funcionamiento de los bienes.

Excepciones al derecho de desistimiento

El derecho de desistimiento no se aplica a lo siguiente:

La entrega de periódicos, diarios o revistas, con la excepción de los contratos de suscripción; y
El suministro de contenido digital que no se proporcione en un soporte tangible (por ejemplo, en un CD o DVD) si, al hacer el pedido, aceptó que podíamos empezar a entregarlo y que no podría desistir una vez iniciada la entrega.

Condiciones de envío

Books are shipped from our US or UK warehouses. Delivery estimates allow for delivery from either location.

Privacidad y seguridad

We are committed to protecting the privacy and security of personal data. This policy tells you how we will collect and use your personal data, and what you should expect in respect of the personal information about you that we have collected.

We are PBShop.co.uk Limited (registered in England & Wales with Company No: 9366362). Our registered office is at Swatton Barn, Badbury, Swindon, SN4 0EU, United Kingdom.

The person with responsibility for our data protection compliance is the Managing Director and they can be contacted via email at help@pbshop.store.

We are the data controller of the personal data that we keep and use, and we are therefore responsible for making sure that our systems, processes and people comply with the relevant data protection laws in respect of that personal data.

We will act in respect of personal data to comply with the six principles of the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which are:

Lawfulness, fairness and transparency;
Purpose limitation;
Data minimisation;
Accuracy;
Storage limitation;
Integrity and confidentiality.
You have rights in respect of how your personal data can be processed; these include the right to request:

a copy of your personal data;
that inaccurate data is rectified; and
that your personal data is, in certain circumstances, erased or restricted.
You have the right to complain to the Information Commissioner, which you can do by contacting the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) directly. Full contact details, including a helpline number, can be found on the ICO website (www.ico.org.uk). This website also has useful information on your rights and our obligations. However, please raise any concerns or issues with us first so that we may deal with this as quickly as possible for you.

COLLECTION, USE AND DISCLOSURE OF PERSONAL DATA
We collect and process data for the following reasons:

personal data collected and created in relation to our selling books and other items; and
personal data relating to our people (which means those people working for our company, or providing services to us, or potentially working or providing services to us, including employees, consultants, temporary or casual workers and contractors).
All of our people are required to abide by our Privacy Policy when handling personal data, and are provided with appropriate data protection training. Any breach of data protection will be taken seriously, and may result in disciplinary action.

Selling books and other items
COLLECTION:
We will collect personal information which may include names, addresses and other information for our customers. This will be done for the management of the commercial relationship with our customers.

We may collect this personal data from you directly, and also from third parties, including publicly available third party sources. Additional personal data will be collected as it is created by or supplied to us in the course of anything we do for you.

USE:
We will use the personal data in the course of making sales and to comply with requirements that we are required to undertake.

We will only use your personal data when the law allows us to. Most commonly, we will use your personal data in the following circumstances:

in performance of a contract (the agreement to sell books and other items); and/or
compliance with a legal obligation; and/or
vital interests of the data subject; and/or
where it is necessary for our legitimate interests (or those of a third party) and your interests and fundamental rights do not override those interests.
We may also use your personal data in the following situations, which are likely to be far less common:

where we need to protect your interests (or someone else’s interests);
where it is needed in the public interest or for official purposes.
DISCLOSURE:
We may share personal data with third parties as is necessary in the sale of books and other items, including to third party providers who deliver services to support the operation of our company.

In respect of all disclosures of personal data, we will only share the personal information which is necessary for the particular purpose for which it is provided, or where we have another legitimate interest in doing so, and we will ensure that the personal data is appropriately protected.

RETENTION PERIOD:
We will keep personal data only for as long as is necessary to fulfil the purposes for which we collected it, including for the purposes of satisfying any legal, accounting or reporting requirements. Normally, our retention period for personal data collected for this purpose is a minimum of 6 years after the end of the period that we are selling books and other items.

Our people
COLLECTION:
We will collect names, addresses, contact details, education and employment history, identity and other background checks (which may include appropriate criminal and financial checks and confirmation of the right to work in the UK), marital status and information on next of kin and dependents, financial information (such as bank details and NI numbers), date of birth, gender, a copy of your passport and driving licence, performance information and compensation history, recruitment information (including references), salary, benefits, pension and annual leave information, disciplinary and grievance information, photographs, information about your use of our information and communications systems and CCTV footage or other information obtained through electronic means.

We may collect and use special categories of personal data as required in the carrying out of obligations and exercising specific rights of us or the data subject in the field of employment. This may include information relating to matters such as health, racial origin, religious belief and offences or alleged offences.

Personal data may be collected from you during the selection process (for example via your application form and CV) and during your employment (including holiday forms, expense claims, performance reviews, any disciplinary or grievance processes), or from third parties, including referees, health service providers, background check providers.

USE:
Personal data of our people will be used for HR administration and management, both in respect of the selection of people to work for us (including suitability, eligibility and/or fitness to work), and those who do work for us, to include learning and development, disciplinary and security (of people, offices and data) requirements, providing and liaising with benefits providers, business management and planning (including accounting and auditing), paying you and dealing with tax and NI deductions, assessing and deciding on salary reviews and compensation, conducting performance reviews and managing performance, dealing with legal disputes involving you or others, preventing fraud, monitoring your use of our information and communications systems, ensuring compliance with our policies, and equal opportunities monitoring.

We will only use your personal data when the law allows us to. Most commonly, we will use your personal data in the following circumstances:

In performance of a contract with you; and/or
compliance with a legal obligation; and/or
vital interests of the data subject; and/or
where it is necessary for our legitimate interests (or those of a third party) and your interests and fundamental rights do not override those interests.
We may also use your personal data in the following situations, which are likely to be less common:

where we need to protect your interests (or someone else’s interests);
where it is needed in the public interest or for official purposes.
In respect of all disclosures of personal data, we will only share the personal information which is necessary for the particular purpose for which it is provided, or where we have another legitimate interest in doing so, and we will ensure that the personal data is appropriately protected.

In respect of special categories of personal data, we may process this in the following circumstances:

in limited circumstances with your explicit written consent; and/or
where we need to carry out our legal obligations and in line with our policies; and/or
where it is needed in the public interest (such as for equal opportunities monitoring or in relation to our occupational pension scheme), and in line with our policies; and/or
where it is needed to assess your working capacity on health grounds, subject to appropriate confidentiality safeguards.
Less commonly, we may process this type of information where it is needed in relation to legal claims or where it is needed to protect your (or someone else’s) interests and you are not capable of giving your consent, or where you have already made the information public. We may also process such information about our people (or former people) in the course of our legitimate business activities with the appropriate safeguards.

The special categories of personal data may be used in the following ways:

in relation to leaves of absence, to comply with employment and other laws;
in relation to your physical or mental health, or disability status, to ensure your health and safety in the workplace and to assess your fitness to work, to monitor, manage and administer benefits and absences;
in relation to your race, national or ethnic origin, religious, philosophical or moral beliefs, or your sexual life or sexual orientation, to ensure meaningful equal opportunity monitoring and reporting.
DISCLOSURE:
Personal data may be transferred to service providers who support the operation of our business (such as payroll service providers), to other third parties reasonably necessary in the conduct of our business (including insurers, professional advisors, regulators). These third parties may be acting as processor, or controller of personal data in their own right.

RETENTION PERIOD:
We will keep personal data only for as long as is necessary to fulfil the purposes for which we collected it, including for the purposes of satisfying any legal, accounting or reporting requirements. We will normally keep personal data of applicants who we do not employ for six months after we receive it.

We will keep personal data of employees throughout your employment and normally for a minimum of six years after your employment ends.

Changes to your personal data
It is very important that the personal information that we hold about you is accurate and current. Please tell us if your personal information changes during your relationship with us.

Data Security
We have put in place measures to prevent your personal data from being accidentally lost, used or accessed in an unauthorised way, altered or disclosed. In addition, we limit access to your personal data to those of our people and other third parties who have a business need to know. They will only process your personal data on our instructions and where they have agreed to treat the information confidentially and to keep it secure. We have put in place procedures to deal with any suspected data security breach and will notify you and the ICO of a suspected breach where we are legally required to do so.

Where we store your personal data
We principally store data, both electronically and on file, at our office.

Personal data may be transferred outside of the EEA by processors acting on our behalf. For transfers to countries not considered adequate by the EC, we will ensure that personal data is adequately protected, as required by the GDPR. This would include by use of the Standard Contractual Clauses adopted by the EC to protect personal data.

Your rights
Under certain circumstances, you have the right by law to request:

access to your personal data. This enables you to ask to receive a copy of the personal data that we hold about you and to check that we are lawfully processing it.
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Last amended May 2021.

Water Management and Water Loss

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