Decentralization in Latin America and the Caribbean has changed the region’s local development model. More resources and decision-making powers are being transferred from central governments to the local level. This new political, administrative, and fiscal landscape is creating new challenges and opportunities for subnational governments and for local economic development in the region. The Local Alternative offers a series of experiences, reflections, and lessons on how the new, decentralized institutional framework influences diverse aspects of the economic development processes at the local level. The book’s chapters-written by a variety of actors ranging from experts in international organizations to policymakers at the national and subnational levels-highlight, among other experiences, local management within a context of greater autonomy, experiments with different subnational transfer and financing systems, and alternatives for stimulating local competitiveness and citizen participation.

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Ehtisham Ahmad is head consultant to the Executive Director s Office of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and a university professor at the London School of Economics. He has worked as a specialist at the IMF s Fiscal Affairs Department and was special advisor to Pakistan s Ministry of Finance. Mr. Ahmad is an economist and an expert in public finance. Fernanda Almeida is an attorney and has been a member of the World Bank s Subnational Doing Business team since 2006. She has worked at the Inter-American Development Bank and the Organization of American States. Daniela Brandazza is associate director of Standard & Poor s in the public finance area. She holds Master s degrees in international relations, international political economy, Latin American studies, and public affairs. Tim Campbell is the chairman of the board of the Urban Age Institute. Previously he worked for the World Bank where he was head of the World Bank Institute s urban team and head of the Urban Partnership, as well as coordinator for the city development strategies (CDS) program. He is an expert in decentralization and urban development. Maria Fernanda Campo is president of the Bogot� Chamber of Commerce. She has worked as vice minister of foreign relations and as a consultant in the financial sector. She led the founding of the Regional Council of Competitiveness for Bogot� and Cundinamarca, and created, in association with the Bogot� City Hall, Bogot� Emprende, an entrepreneurialcenter, and Invest in Bogot�, the city s foreign investment promotion agency. Jaime Castro is a lawyer, university professor, and specialist in political science and public administration. Previously he was the mayor of Bogot�, minister of state, senator, and constituent member in Columbia. Roberto Ch�vez is an architect with broad experience in urban development projects. He has worked as a consultant and lecturer and was lead urban specialist at the World Bank. He was also a professor at Columbia University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Rosa Cobo Mayoral is head of the secretary general s Cabinet for Lands and Biodiversity of the Ministry of the Environment of Spain, and was sub-director general of administration at the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). She is an expert in business science. Rafael de la Cruz is a senior economist in the IDB s Fiscal and Municipal Management Division of the Institutional Capacity and Finance Sector. Previously, he worked as the director general of decentralization in the Venezuelan Presidential Commission to Reform the State and director of the Center for Public Policy at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Administration (IESA). Mr. de la Cruz specializes in subnational public finance, decentralization, and local development. Mercedes Garc�a-Escribano works in the IMF s Fiscal Affairs Department. She is an economist and has worked as a fiscal economist on IMF teams in Mexico andPeru. Jos� Antonio Gonz�lez Anaya is an economist and currently heads the Federal Entity Coordination Unit of the Secretariat of the Treasury and Public Credit. He has also headed the Securities, Insurance, and Pensions Unit at the same organization, and was responsible for macroeconomic analysis in Latin American countries for the World Bank. Victor Manuel Herrera is director of Standard & Poor s in Mexico. He holds a Master s Degree in business administration and has worked in the Corporate Finance Department at Manufacturers Hanover-Chemical Bank. Roberto Lavagna is an economist and the ex-minister of the Ministry of Economy and Production in Argentina. He is a former presidential candidate in Argentina. Salvodar Maluquer I Amor�s is an economist and public administrator and was the general manager of Public Administration Budgeting in Catalonia. He was formerly the head of the Technical Board of the Department of Universities, Research, and Social Information, as well as the head of the Programming Area of the Department of Economy and Finance in the Public Administration of Catalonia. Mr. Maluquer Amor�s was also an associate professor at the University of Barcelona. Hazel McCallion is the mayor of Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, serving her eleventh straight term. Her training is in business and she has worked for the Kellogg Company. Ronald MacLean Abaroa works as a specialist on governance and decentralization at the World Bank. He was elected asthe mayor of La Paz on four occasions and occupied various posts in the Bolivian Cabinet in Planning and Coordination, Foreign Relations, Treasury, and Development. Mr. MacLean Abaroa is a public administrator and an anticorruption expert. Juan Carlos Navarro is head specialist at the IDB s Science and Technology Division. He was chair of the Center for Public Policy at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Administration (IESA) and a professor at the Andr�s Bello Catholic University in Venezuela. Mr. Navarro specializes in Latin American education theory and practice and in science and technology. Fabiola Ortiz is associate director of the Standard & Poor s Corporate and Infrastructure Ratings Group in Mexico City. She holds Master s Degrees in accounting and business administration. Carlos Pineda Mannheim is an architect and a specialist in municipal and urban development in the IDB s Fiscal and Municipal Management Division of the Institutional Capacity and Finance Sector. He has worked in the territorial planning area in Honduras and has broad experience in regional and urban planning projects, local development, decentralization, and municipal strengthening in Latin America. �lvaro Pio J�nior is an economist and public policy analyst at Belo Horizonte Municipal City Hall in Brazil. He has worked at City Hall on several urban socio-economic development projects. Caroline P�schl is an attorney and works as a research analyst in the IDB s Fiscal andMunicipal Management Division of the Institutional Capacity and Finance Sector. She works in the areas of decentralization and fiscal management for both the IDB and the World Bank. J�lio Ribeiro Pires is an economist and the secretary of Planning, Information, and Budgets, as well as the former secretary of Finance at Belo Horizonte Municipal City Hall in Brazil. He is also a professor at the Federal University of Minas Gerais in Belo Horizonte. Anwar Shah is an economist and the lead specialist in Public Sector Management at the World Bank. He was head of fiscal transfers in the Canadian Ministry of Finance and Government of Alberta, Canada. He is an expert in fiscal decentralization and governance. Mauricio Silva is executive director for Central America at the IDB, and serves as senior specialist in housing and urban development in the IDB s Fiscal and Municipal Management Division of the Institutional Capacity and Finance Sector. He has worked at the World Bank and has lead nongovernmental organizations in El Salvador. Mr. Silva specializes in urban development, historic urban center reconstruction, and neighborhood improvement. Ernesto Stein is the regional economic advisor in the IDB s Country Department Central America, Mexico, Panama, and Dominican Republic. He has worked as the lead research economist in the IDB s Research Department. Mr. Stein specializes in macroeconomics. Anna Tarrach I Colls is an economist and the head of the programming areaof the Finance and Economics Department in the Public Administration of Catalonia. She has worked in that administration s Economy and Finance Departments, as well as the Universities, Research, and Social Information Departments. Ms. Tarrach I Colls is an assistant professor at the Open University of Catalonia.

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