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N° de ref. del artículo CX-9780854048052
- Título
- Industrial Biocides
- Editorial
- RSC Publishing
- Año de publicación
- 2002
- Estado
- New
- Encuadernación
- HRD
- Idioma
- inglés
- ISBN 10
- 0854048057
- ISBN 13
- 9780854048052
- Peso del artículo
- 381 gramos
This book is a unique title that will be welcomed by many in industry, including industrial and water chemists, microbiologists, and plant and environment managers.
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Fragmento. © Reproducción autorizada. Todos los derechos reservados.
Industrial Biocides
Selection and Application
By D.R. Karsa, D. AshworthThe Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.
Contents
Overview,
An Overview of the Biocides Market N. D'Arcy, 3,
The Political Arena,
The Biocidal Products Directive (98/8/EC) G. Wilson, 19,
Pulp and Paper,
Biocides in the Pulp & Paper Industry: An Overview P. Simpson, 17,
The Application of Dialdehyde Chemistry for Control of Catalase in the Deinking Processes P. Sundblad and R. Scott, 23,
Water,
The Novel Use of Chlorine Dioxide in the Treatment of Domestic Building Services A. Harris and T.J. Parkinson, 33,
Biofilms: Adverse Economic Aspects and Their Avoidance A.J. McBain and P. Gilbert, 41,
A New Environmentally Sensible Chlorine Alternative W.F. McCoy, 52,
Paints and Coatings,
Preservation of Paints in the Wet-State J. Gillat, 65,
The Enhanced Performance of Biocidal Additives in Paints and Coatings M. Edge, K. Seal, N.S. Allen, D. Turner and J. Robinson, 84,
Disinfection,
Actual Situation in Developing a European Standard for Testing of Surface Disinfectants G. Heinz, 97,
Plastics,
Microbiocides for PVC and Other Polymers R. Borgma.nn-Strahsen, 103,
Performance Fluids,
The Application of Biocides in Metal Working Fluids M.A. Wright, 111,
Aircraft Toilet Sanitising T.F. Child, A.S. C. Whyle, B. Bella and T. Willems, 119,
Swimming Pools,
The Use of Algicides in Swimming Pools Y.L. Verlinden, 127,
The Future Prospects for Chemical Biocides for Pool Water Treatment S.J. Judd, 137,
Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics and Toiletries,
A Current Look at Personal Care Preservatives M. Parkin, 147,
A Practical Guide to the Selection and Application of Topical Antimicrobials, from a Product Development Perspective A. Altunkaya, 156,
Subject Index, 163,
CHAPTER 1
THE BIOCIDAL PRODUCTS DIRECTIVE (98/8/EC)
Geoffrey Wilson
Health & Safety Executive, Rose Court, 2 Southwark Bridge, London SE1 9HS
1 SUMMARY
This paper outlines the content of the Biocidal Products Directive and explains how it will be implemented in the UK. It covers what industry will have to do in compliance, what is currently happening in Europe and gives an estimated timetable for all the activities.
2 BIOCIDAL PRODUCTS DIRECTIVE
A proposal for a European Parliament and Council Directive concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market was adopted on 16 February 1998, numbered 98/8/EC and published in the Official Journal on 24 April 1998 (reference L 123 pp 1-62).
The Directive has to be implemented in all member states by 14 May 2000.
2.1 Aims of the Directive
The Directive is based on article 100a of the Treaty and it has has two key aims: - HARMONISATION OF THE MARKET FOR BIOCIDAL PRODUCTS - A HIGH LEVEL OF PROTECTION FOR HUMANS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
2.2 Operation of the Directive
The Directive will operate by listing all active substances which can be used in biocidal products in a list (annex I to the Directive) and requiring that only those active substances listed can be used in biocidal products. Member states will then authorise biocidal products to a set of common principles (annex V of the Directive) with a system of mutual recognition of authorisations.
2.3 Content of the Directive
A summary of the main contents of the Directive is:
MUTUAL RECOGNITION
SCOPE - there are 23 Product types
MUTUAL RECOGNITION
COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT
DATA REQUIREMENTS
DATA PROTECTION & CONFIDENTIALITY
SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURES
CLASSIFICATION, PACKAGING and LABELLING
CHARGES
TRANSITIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS
Member states have a number of actions under the Directive. They have to appoint a competent authority (or authorities), transpose the Directive into national law, enforce it and provide information to the European Commission.
3 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BPD IN THE UK
The UK has set three principles for the implementation of the Directive. These are that the implementing systems must be:
- EFFICIENT & EFFECTIVE
- TRANSPARENT & ACCOUNTABLE
- SELF FINANCING (as far as possible).
In practice it has been agreed that the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) will operate as the de facto competent authority and that new Regulations will be made under the Health & Safety at Work etc. Act and the European Communies Act - the Biocidal Products Regulations (BPR).
Guidance on the new Regulations and on the proposed new systems will also be produced and both the Regulations and the guidance will be circulated for public comment. A number of industry groups have been set up to assist with this process. One group deals with financial issues, another with the transitional arrangements whilst a third group covers optimisation of use - this latter group is known as the Biocides Users Group (BUG).
There is a current control system for certain types of biocidal products (known as non-agricultural pesticides) operated by HSE under the Control of Pesticides Regulations (CoPR). These are antifouling products, insecticides, wood preservatives and surface biocides. Additionally agricultural pesticides are controlled under CoPR but these are administered by the Pesticides Safety Directorate (PSD), an executive agency of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF).
Many new product types will be regulated by HSE under the BPR, and these are listed on the next page:
DISINFECTANTS
PRESERVATIVES - In can; Film; Fibre, rubber & polymerised; Liquid cooling & processing; Metalworking; Food & feedstocks preservatives.
SLIMICIDES
EMBALMING & TAXIDERMIST FLUIDS
ATTRACTANTS
(Rodenlicides, Avicides, Molluscicides, Piscicides, Vertebrate control agents).
The last group of products - enclosed in brackets - are currently controlled under CoPR but by PSD rather than HSE.
3.1 Proposals for charges
The Directive (article 25) allows for full cost recovery and HSE's proposals are that this will be collected in two ways: by fees and by a general industry charge (GIC). A fee will be charged to directly identifiable customers e.g. those who apply for authorisation of a biocidal product whilst the GIC will be payable by all with biocidal products on the market. It will cover the costs of work such as monitoring, specific biocides research work etc.; it is likely to start on 14 May 2000.
3.2 The Biocides Consultative Committee (BCC)
This committee will offer advice to the competent authority (HSE) on all aspects involving biocides. It will be composed mainly of independent members and have an independent chairman. Other Government Departments will sit on the committee acting as advisors. There will also be an interdepartmental committee which will work with the competent authority on the scientific assessments and risk assessments.
3.3 Guidance Documents
Five sets of guidance will be produced:
GUIDANCE FOR SUPPLIERS
GUIDANCE FOR USERS
TRANSITIONAL GUIDANCE
GUIDANCE FOR APPLICANTS
A SIMPLE GUIDE
This guidance should all be available before the implementation date of the Directive, with the Transitional Guidance being available first.
3.4 Public Consultation
A Consultative Document (CD) containing:
- THE DRAFT REGULATIONS
- THE BIOCIDAL PRODUCTS DIRECTIVE
- THE DRAFT GUIDANCE
- THE REGULATORY IMPACT ASSESSMENT
- A LIST OF CONSULTEES
- A REPLY PRO-FORMA
was published on 2 July 1999 and comments were invited from industry, other government departments, non-governmental organisations and the general public up to 1 October 1999.
After this date the draft Regulations and Guidance will be amended in the light of comments received and then a submission made to Ministers asking them to accept the Regulations. They will then be laid before Parliament.
It is anticipated that the Regulations and Guidance will be in place by the required date of 14 May 2000.
Even though the Regulations are in place on 14 May 2000 there will be no immediate effect on product authorisations as the Regulations (and the parent Directive) depend on active substances being listed in annex I of the Directive. On 14 May 2000 Annex I will be empty.
3.5 Transitional arrangements
- BPR DO NOT APPLY UNTIL ACTIVES ARE ON ANNEX I
- ANNEX I IS EMPTY ON 14 MAY 2000
- ANNEX I IS FILLED ESSENTIALLY BY THE REVIEW PROGRAMME
There will be a long transitional period (the Directive foresees 10 years) before the Regulations come fully into effect. During the transition period existing national rules will contine to apply - that means CoPR will continue until all biocidal active substances have been reviewed under the biocides programme.
3.6 The Review Programme
There are approximately 2000 existing active substances to be reviewed over a 10 year period. The European Commission and member states are currently working on producing a review Regulation which is expected to be in two parts. Part one will outline the process and may be accompanied by a list of existing active substances on the market. It is anticipated to be published by the end of this year. Part two of the review Regulation will follow some 18 months later and will contain the first list of active substances to be reviewed.
The review programme is likely to be fairly similar to that operating for agricultural pesticides under Directive 91/414/EEC and its main features are:
- REVIEWS WILL BE CARRIED OUT BY MEMBER STATES
- ANNEX I ENTRY WILL BE DECIDED BY THE COMMUNITY
- THE PROGRAMME IS DUE TO BE COMPLETED IN 10 YEARS
4 EFFECTS ON INDUSTRY
The Directive, and implementing Regulations require that risk assessments are carried out on biocidal active substances and the products containing them. This requires the submission, and in many cases the generation of data and industry has to provide this.
4.1 What does industry have to do?
Industry has to consider the following key questions:
- WHAT ACTIVE SUBSTANCES ARE USED?
- WHAT ARE THE DATA GAPS?
- WILL THE DATA GAPS BE FILLED?
Industry has to decide which of the existing active substances it will support and supply the necessary data to the competent authorities. Data must also be submitted on any new active substances (not on the market on 14 May 2000).
Individual companies should try to get together to form task forces to help with the gathering and submission of data. The Directive encourages this and gives member states the power to require this by law.
Industry should also continue to work with the European commission and other member states on the many working groups which are working on clarification of aspects related to the Directive. These groups cover topics such as the scope of the Directive, thhe exact data requirements an various European guidance documents but most importantly the review programme.
In summary, even though the Directive itself has been agreed, industry can still influence:
- THE REVIEW PROCESS
- THE DATA REQUIREMENTS
- THE GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS
5 THE TIME SCALE
Assuming that everything goes according to plan and that agreements are quickly reached the timetable looks like this:
- IMPLEMENTATION IN MEMBER STATES - May 2000
- FIRST REVIEW REGULATION - Jan 2000
- GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS - May 2002
- SECOND REVIEW REGULATION - July 2002
- REVIEW PROGRAMME STARTS - Aug. 2002
- FIRST ACTIVE ON ANNEX I - Aug. 2003
- ALL ACTIVES ON ANNEX I - Aug. 2012
It has to be said that this is a very optimistic timetable and the author's view is that there is likely to be significant slippage in all phases but especially in the operation of the review programme.
6 SUMMARY
6.1 Positive aspects of the Directive
These are:
- STANDARDISATION OF THE DATA REQUIREMENTS
- MUTUAL RECOGNITION OF PRODUCT AUTHORISATIONS
6.2 Negative aspects of the Directive
These are:
- THE DATA REQUIREMENTS THEMSELVES
- THE AUTHORISATION COSTS
- A RESTRICTED CHOICE OF ACTIVES AS A RESULT
7 CONCLUSION
In conclusion the Biocidal Products Directive will have the following effects:
- NEW REGULATIONS IN PLACE IN THE UK BY 14 MAY 2000
- NO IMMEDIATE EFFECT ON PRODUCT AUTHORISATIONS
- THE REQUIREMENTS COME IN GRADUALLY OVER 10 YEARS
CHAPTER 2BIOCIDES IN THE PULP & PAPER INDUSTRY: AN OVERVIEW
Dr Pamela Simpson
Whitewater Technologies Ltd, P.O.Box 1153, Stourbridge, West Midlands DY8 2GB
1 INTRODUCTION
Growth of microorganisms in paper manufacturing processes can cause major technical, economic and hygienic problems, mainly due to slime formation. The chemical-physical conditions, and the composition of microorganisms, may vary widely in one process and between processes. Resistant strains can evolve following repeated treatment by certain biocide technologies. Furthermore the regulations for paper intended for food packaging and environmental labelling systems limit the choice of biocide active ingredients.
Biocides are added to the wet end process to prevent slime formation. Introduction of neutral or alkaline sizing instead of acidic papermaking, the closed water circuits, and the increasing proportions of recycled paper have required changes in biocide types in order to control different microbial populations.
Biocides are also used in the pulp and paper industry for the protection of processing materials. The main biocides used in this application fall into the preservative range and can be different from others employed within the paper processing.
This paper aims to introduce the problems that exist within the pulp and paper processing and detail how biocides can help to reduce these problems.
2 THE PULP INDUSTRY
2.1 Types of Pulp
The pulp industry is broken down into predominantly two types of fibre types:
2.1.1 Virgin fibre, which can be further, split into two types, e.g. chemical and mechanical. Chemical virgin fibre undergoes treatments that remove most of the lignin; mechanical undergoes treatment that maintains the level of lignin within the pulp. Both these types of pulp are relatively free from microbiological contamination.
2.1.2 Recycled fibre such as newspaper, coloured paper, computer paper and is usually heavily contaminated with microorganisms.
Both of these types of pulps offer a variety of microbiological problems with the most severe being from the recycled paper types. The microbiological problems encountered are both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria which can develop at different stages of the pulping and can lead to the production of "off odours usually associated with hydrogen sulphide. Once produced, hydrogen sulphide can react with free metals to produce pigmented sulphides that cause further problems of discolouration.
Wherever virgin fibres are used for pulp manufacture, although these appear relatively free from microbial problems, there may be fungal spores present which originated from the timber itself. If these are presented with the right growth conditions, germination may take effect, causing hyphal development and surface "mat" formation. As a bi-product of this growth, pigments can also be released from the fungal species, which again can cause pigmentation of the pulp.
2.2 Biocides Encountered in the Pulp Industry
Over the last few years, the pulp industry has come under extensive pressure to reduce the levels of halogens being discharged in effluent streams. As the pulping process utilises high levels of halogens during their bleaching process, the level of available organic halogen (AOX) is high and thought to be of concern to the environment. Alternatives have therefore been sought which can achieve the bleaching requirements, but have minimal impact on the environment. These also, indirectly, have had a great effect on the level of microorganisms remaining within bleached pulp. Hence non-sterile pulp may be transferred to a paper process and cause problems during manufacture.
Table 1 below represents the types of biocides that were used during the pulping process and subsequent biocides that have been introduced over the last few years to assist in the reduction of microbial contamination. In general, they types of biocides that are now being utilised are fast acting bactericides to prevent the anaerobic activity which results in the production of odours and blackened pulp.
The halogenated hydantoins also form part of the new types of biocides being used. Although these contain halogens, these are released on demand and hence are only available when microbiological activity demands the release of the halogen. Hence the release of halogens is significantly reduced and is seen as a reduced environmental concern.
3 COATINGS AND ADDITIVES FOR PAPER MAKING
3.1 Types of Coatings and Additives
The coatings and additives utilised during paper processing are also a significant source of microbiological contamination. The types that are frequently used are:
Fillers: e.g. calcium carbonate, kaolin, titanium dioxide
Sizing agents, starches
Natural dyes,
brighteners Retention aids
All these components are from natural sources and are frequently contaminated by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria which utilise these as their food source. The problems encountered are not too dissimilar to those encountered in the pulp industry with colouration being of great concern. Other problems however are due to the loss of viscosity of these products once microbiological digestion is underway. If this occurs during storage in tanks, the whole product is rendered ineffective and cannot be used within the paper process as the microbiological digestion has altered their properties.
Any product that is utilised during paper production will cause paper sheet colouration or loss of desired properties and hence would cause a significant paper quality failure and lost income. It is therefore important to have a good plant hygiene programme in place to monitor carefully the storage products of such products and ensure that the right preservative chemistry is in place to maintain a microbiological free product for long periods of time.
3.2 Biocides Used in the Coatings and Additives Industry
The types of biocides used in this application vary from the rest of the pulp and paper industry. These require to be longer lasting, i.e. sometimes up to 1 years protection is storage tanks and hence fall into the category of preservatives.
Table 2 represents the types of preservatives that are commonly encountered in these products for use in the paper industry.
Chlorine dioxide has also periodically been encountered in these applications in third world countries, but the effectiveness of this biocide would be short lived.
(Continues...)
Excerpted from Industrial Biocides by D.R. Karsa, D. Ashworth. Copyright © 2002 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Excerpted by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
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We collect and process data for the following reasons:
personal data collected and created in relation to our selling books and other items; and
personal data relating to our people (which means those people working for our company, or providing services to us, or potentially working or providing services to us, including employees, consultants, temporary or casual workers and contractors).
All of our people are required to abide by our Privacy Policy when handling personal data, and are provided with appropriate data protection training. Any breach of data protection will be taken seriously, and may result in disciplinary action.
Selling books and other items
COLLECTION:
We will collect personal information which may include names, addresses and other information for our customers. This will be done for the management of the commercial relationship with our customers.
We may collect this personal data from you directly, and also from third parties, including publicly available third party sources. Additional personal data will be collected as it is created by or supplied to us in the course of anything we do for you.
USE:
We will use the personal data in the course of making sales and to comply with requirements that we are required to undertake.
We will only use your personal data when the law allows us to. Most commonly, we will use your personal data in the following circumstances:
in performance of a contract (the agreement to sell books and other items); and/or
compliance with a legal obligation; and/or
vital interests of the data subject; and/or
where it is necessary for our legitimate interests (or those of a third party) and your interests and fundamental rights do not override those interests.
We may also use your personal data in the following situations, which are likely to be far less common:
where we need to protect your interests (or someone else’s interests);
where it is needed in the public interest or for official purposes.
DISCLOSURE:
We may share personal data with third parties as is necessary in the sale of books and other items, including to third party providers who deliver services to support the operation of our company.
In respect of all disclosures of personal data, we will only share the personal information which is necessary for the particular purpose for which it is provided, or where we have another legitimate interest in doing so, and we will ensure that the personal data is appropriately protected.
RETENTION PERIOD:
We will keep personal data only for as long as is necessary to fulfil the purposes for which we collected it, including for the purposes of satisfying any legal, accounting or reporting requirements. Normally, our retention period for personal data collected for this purpose is a minimum of 6 years after the end of the period that we are selling books and other items.
Our people
COLLECTION:
We will collect names, addresses, contact details, education and employment history, identity and other background checks (which may include appropriate criminal and financial checks and confirmation of the right to work in the UK), marital status and information on next of kin and dependents, financial information (such as bank details and NI numbers), date of birth, gender, a copy of your passport and driving licence, performance information and compensation history, recruitment information (including references), salary, benefits, pension and annual leave information, disciplinary and grievance information, photographs, information about your use of our information and communications systems and CCTV footage or other information obtained through electronic means.
We may collect and use special categories of personal data as required in the carrying out of obligations and exercising specific rights of us or the data subject in the field of employment. This may include information relating to matters such as health, racial origin, religious belief and offences or alleged offences.
Personal data may be collected from you during the selection process (for example via your application form and CV) and during your employment (including holiday forms, expense claims, performance reviews, any disciplinary or grievance processes), or from third parties, including referees, health service providers, background check providers.
USE:
Personal data of our people will be used for HR administration and management, both in respect of the selection of people to work for us (including suitability, eligibility and/or fitness to work), and those who do work for us, to include learning and development, disciplinary and security (of people, offices and data) requirements, providing and liaising with benefits providers, business management and planning (including accounting and auditing), paying you and dealing with tax and NI deductions, assessing and deciding on salary reviews and compensation, conducting performance reviews and managing performance, dealing with legal disputes involving you or others, preventing fraud, monitoring your use of our information and communications systems, ensuring compliance with our policies, and equal opportunities monitoring.
We will only use your personal data when the law allows us to. Most commonly, we will use your personal data in the following circumstances:
In performance of a contract with you; and/or
compliance with a legal obligation; and/or
vital interests of the data subject; and/or
where it is necessary for our legitimate interests (or those of a third party) and your interests and fundamental rights do not override those interests.
We may also use your personal data in the following situations, which are likely to be less common:
where we need to protect your interests (or someone else’s interests);
where it is needed in the public interest or for official purposes.
In respect of all disclosures of personal data, we will only share the personal information which is necessary for the particular purpose for which it is provided, or where we have another legitimate interest in doing so, and we will ensure that the personal data is appropriately protected.
In respect of special categories of personal data, we may process this in the following circumstances:
in limited circumstances with your explicit written consent; and/or
where we need to carry out our legal obligations and in line with our policies; and/or
where it is needed in the public interest (such as for equal opportunities monitoring or in relation to our occupational pension scheme), and in line with our policies; and/or
where it is needed to assess your working capacity on health grounds, subject to appropriate confidentiality safeguards.
Less commonly, we may process this type of information where it is needed in relation to legal claims or where it is needed to protect your (or someone else’s) interests and you are not capable of giving your consent, or where you have already made the information public. We may also process such information about our people (or former people) in the course of our legitimate business activities with the appropriate safeguards.
The special categories of personal data may be used in the following ways:
in relation to leaves of absence, to comply with employment and other laws;
in relation to your physical or mental health, or disability status, to ensure your health and safety in the workplace and to assess your fitness to work, to monitor, manage and administer benefits and absences;
in relation to your race, national or ethnic origin, religious, philosophical or moral beliefs, or your sexual life or sexual orientation, to ensure meaningful equal opportunity monitoring and reporting.
DISCLOSURE:
Personal data may be transferred to service providers who support the operation of our business (such as payroll service providers), to other third parties reasonably necessary in the conduct of our business (including insurers, professional advisors, regulators). These third parties may be acting as processor, or controller of personal data in their own right.
In respect of all disclosures of personal data, we will only share the personal information which is necessary for the particular purpose for which it is provided, or where we have another legitimate interest in doing so, and we will ensure that the personal data is appropriately protected.
RETENTION PERIOD:
We will keep personal data only for as long as is necessary to fulfil the purposes for which we collected it, including for the purposes of satisfying any legal, accounting or reporting requirements. We will normally keep personal data of applicants who we do not employ for six months after we receive it.
We will keep personal data of employees throughout your employment and normally for a minimum of six years after your employment ends.
Changes to your personal data
It is very important that the personal information that we hold about you is accurate and current. Please tell us if your personal information changes during your relationship with us.
Data Security
We have put in place measures to prevent your personal data from being accidentally lost, used or accessed in an unauthorised way, altered or disclosed. In addition, we limit access to your personal data to those of our people and other third parties who have a business need to know. They will only process your personal data on our instructions and where they have agreed to treat the information confidentially and to keep it secure. We have put in place procedures to deal with any suspected data security breach and will notify you and the ICO of a suspected breach where we are legally required to do so.
Where we store your personal data
We principally store data, both electronically and on file, at our office.
Personal data may be transferred outside of the EEA by processors acting on our behalf. For transfers to countries not considered adequate by the EC, we will ensure that personal data is adequately protected, as required by the GDPR. This would include by use of the Standard Contractual Clauses adopted by the EC to protect personal data.
Your rights
Under certain circumstances, you have the right by law to request:
access to your personal data. This enables you to ask to receive a copy of the personal data that we hold about you and to check that we are lawfully processing it.
correction of the personal data that we hold about you.
erasure of your personal data.
object to processing of your personal data where we are relying on our legitimate interest and there is something about your particular situation which makes you want to object to processing on this ground. You also have the right to object where we are processing your personal information for direct marketing purposes.
restriction of processing of your personal data.
transfer of your personal data to another party.
Links from our website
Our website may, from time to time, contain links to and from the websites of third parties that we permit to make such links. If you follow a link to any of these websites, please note that these websites have their own privacy policies and that we do not accept any responsibility or liability for these policies. We recommend that you check these policies before you submit any personal data to these websites.
CHANGES TO THIS PRIVACY POLICY
Any changes we may make to our privacy policy in the future will be posted on our website, so please ensure that you are viewing the correct version.
Please contact us if you have any questions, comments or requests regarding this Privacy Policy.
Last amended May 2021.