From 1999 to 2003 a multipurpose regional geochemical mapping project, was carried out in Finland, and the NW-part of Russia. An important aim of the project is to define the anthropogenic impact in relation to the natural variations in regional geochemical baselines of heavy metals and other elements over a large area containing several of the largest industrial emitters in Europe but also some of its most pristine areas. Terrestrial moss, the organic layer, stream waters, and the C-horizon soil samples were collected from1085 sites in Russia and 288 sites in Finland, giving an average density of one site per 1000 km2. Both total and aqua regia extractable element concentrations were determined from <2 mm fraction of minerogenic samples, and total concentrations of organic soil samples and terrestrial moss were measured after strong acid leach, bioavailable concentrations of organic layer soil samples were measured, too. Concentrations of more than 50 elements, radionuclides, and other parameters were determined. Different extraction methods were used in order to study the speciation and bioavailability of the elements. Maps showing the distribution of 48 elements and other parameters are included in this atlas. The anomaly patterns of minerogenic C-horizon data are strongly controlled by element distributions in the bedrock. Stream water data are mainly controlled by geological formations and structures both for major and trace elements, but in some cases the influence of anthropogenic activities could be detected as elevated heavy metal concentrations. Anomaly patterns from moss data reflect mainly anthropogenic activities, but in areas such as mountains and tundra the geogenic dust also has a strong influence. It was not possible to detect any long distance airborne transport of heavy metals from industrialized areas to clean arctic regions.

Acerca del autor

Kari Rissanen got his MSc degree in organic chemistry in 1985 after which he pursued PhD studies in the Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Jyv�skyl�. The PhD work focused on solid-state structural chemistry of small organic molecules. Already during his PhD thesis work Rissanen started his own independent career as a researcher of the Academy of Finland (1988). Since then Rissanen has pioneered the research in supramolecular chemistry in Finland. Rissanen is one of the world-leading experts in supramolecular crystallography, weak intermolecular interactions, especially halogen bonding and anion–π interactions, and new methodologies in crystallography. In addition to his main expertise, Rissanen has also achieved international recognition in the design and synthetic chemistry of novel receptor molecules, new cyclophane hosts, uranyl salophens, and most recently sensor molecules and gelators based on coordination complexes. Rissanen’s research has focused on a multitude of chemical systems, but in all studies the governing feature has been the understanding of the interactions involved in the recognition and self-assembly phenomena, and subsequent design and synthesis of functional host and sensor molecules based on this knowledge. The detailed structural studies form the solid basis for the understanding and utilization of weak noncovalent, viz. the supramolecular interactions occurring in recognition and self-assembly events, visualized in the solid state by single crystal X-ray diffraction and solid state NMR, in solution by NMR and in gas phase by mass spectrometry. Rissanen is the first chemist in the history of the Academy of Finland to get nominated twice as the Academy Professor (1st term 2008–12 and 2nd 2013–17), the highest ranking academic position available in Finland. He has been awarded several national scientific prices and awards: Commander, of the Order of the Red Rose of Finland, 2016; Knight, First Class, of the Order of the White Rose of Finland, 2008; Finnish Academy of Science and Letters (1991, PhD thesis prize); the Magnus Ehrnrooth Prize in Chemistry (2005), and the Nanotech Finland Award (2010). Throughout his whole career he has been extremely active both nationally and internationally in various levels of science and university administration, funding and evaluation councils and boards. The major international and national administrative duties include the Finnish representative at the Management Committee of the COST Chemistry Actions D7, D11 (vice-chair) and D31 (chairman), the member of the Research Council for Natural Sciences and Engineering of the Finnish Academy (2004–06); the chairman (2005–06) and expert member (2007–10) of the Steering Committee of the Academy of Finland Nanoscience Research Programme, FinNano.

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