Introduction.....................................................................................................1Some Stylized Facts..............................................................................................4Overview of Eco-Political Environment of Sub-Saharan Africa......................................................29Political Instability and Economic Development – Econometric Analysis......................................36Political Instability and Economic Development — Estimations and Results...................................58Differential Effects of Political Instability Across Sectors — Estimation and Results......................71Summary..........................................................................................................114

Chapter One

INTRODUCTION

AFrica, from all accounts, has been a difficult region to analyze. Many observers tend to make proclamations and prognostications on the continent as if it were a relatively small country that a simple macroeconomic model or political ideology can define. As an analyst, one must resist the temptation of making any prediction about the future of the continent, whether apocalyptic or full of optimism. The record since independence for most extrapolates to project the coming of apocalypse. Considering the degree of political instability in the region, an assertion of political transformation and economic resurgence at a sustainable level would be a poor calculation.

The current socioeconomic situation in Africa as a continent is precarious. The continent faces multiple crises, including those of religion, politics, and economics. Each crisis is significant in its own right, and together they are mutually reinforcing. One begins to wonder if the leaders have the will and/or the means to put the continent on a growth trajectory and once and for all address the wide spectrum of inextricably linked development issues. While the significance of politics on religion or vice versa is recognized, what is more crucial is the impact of politics on economy and vice versa. This relationship between politics and economy deserves a little mention.

The economy and the polity interact in many ways with respect to resource allocation, income distribution, and stabilization policies. For these obvious reasons, neither the economy nor the polity can be looked at in isolation. Many of the decision-makers do not have the political will to embark on the kind of macroeconomic policies that may bring about development, simply because these policies are not politically popular domestically. Equally important, these countries do not have domestic resources to pursue required macroeconomic policies capable of generating growth. Hence, they rely on international financial institutions to provide funds, which often come with conditionalities. For those leaders with political will, external funds can jumpstart their distressed economies and put them on a sustainable growth path.

Bruno Frey (1983) identified the interdependence of economy and polity: The economy and polity formed a closed system with the two parts linked by feedback. Accordingly, ... the upper link shows political intervention working on the economy; and the lower link shows the influence of economic conditions on the political sector (Ibid., 9).

There are lots of bits and pieces of evidence to support the fact that politics in general does affect economic development. At least everyone—governments and international lending institutions included—believes that policies affect growth, and in turn, scholars tend to think that politics affect policies (Przeworski and Limongi, 1993, 65). Also, Reynolds (1983), having reviewed the historical experience of several countries, concluded that spurts of growth are often associated with major political transformation. A reversed argument can be made in the sense that the political instability that plagues the region has been responsible for the deleterious growth pattern experienced in the last forty years by many of the countries. Even in cases where there were stable dictatorships, the deleterious effect of long-term dictatorship is just as inimical to growth as those of several military interventions. Certainly the issue of direction of causality cannot be ignored, whether economic development drives regime change or whether it is the stability of political regime that drives economic development. Again Przeworski and Limongi, (p. 62), asserted that the reason social scientists have little robust statistical knowledge about the impact of regimes on growth (or growth on regime, for that matter) is that the research design required to generate knowledge is complex (Ibid.).

Since independence, many of the countries in the region have formulated numerous initiatives and implemented several reforms aiming to put them on a development path. Yet, in general, the outcome is abysmal because the leaders lack the political fortitude to carry the reforms to their natural conclusion. It is recognized, however, that the aggregate data on economic performances will vary from one country to another because reform measures, resource inflows, and political climates will also vary. In most cases, rather than citing leadership incompetency as the fundamental reason for failure to fully implement reforms, it is convenient to blame the abysmal performance on lack of resources. Usually, the domestic resources component of the funds necessary for implementation falls short of projections, due to a host of reasons that are also traced to inept management.

Assuming it is not a lip service, the concerted efforts being made by African leaders through proclamations at various summits regarding precarious socioeconomic conditions show that the region is ready to pursue measures that can put the continent on the growth path and subsequently, toward a sustainable economic development. Again history has taught us not to be too optimistic about any positive transformation, as the analysis of the region cannot be constructed by simple economic and or political models.

Chapter Two

SOME STYLIZED FACTS

2.1 ON INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE

Mankind has made great material progress in modern times, and much of this progress has been affected by the choice of the institutional framework designed to bring it about. The Western industrial economies and many other former colonies chose an institutional framework that permitted wide latitude for individual initiative, choice, and responsibility. In general, these countries are capitalist and democratic and are committed to the rule of law.

It is a generally observed phenomenon that the rising nationalism and independence movement after World War II gave many new nations the opportunity to choose an institutional framework by which they could progress. In some cases, what became a fashionable idea was state control and economic planning, with a concomitant de-emphasis, if not denigration, of individual initiative. Many nations selected this route for economic development. As Scully (1988) pointed out, there are two contrasting paradigms that point to the path by which men progress economically: individualism and statism. Both paradigms are old and still debated. That the state direction leads to material progress is the older vision. The wisdom of the state in creating the conditions for material progress through intervention and regulation was first articulated systematically by the mercantilists. In modern times, state intervention is justified by the vicious circle of poverty thesis. Albeit this thesis has been advanced by many writers, it has been elaborated substantially by Myrdal (1957, 1968).

The contrasting vision that Scully pointed out is that material progress is greatest if individuals have the right to pursue their own affairs without state intervention. The conceptualization of society as a nexus of private arrangements that are mutually beneficial is contained in the contractarian political theory of David Hume, the concept of law as sanctioned private arrangements by Sir Edward Coke, and the economic theory and policy of laissez-faire by Adam Smith. The great concern of the twentieth century, after the reconstruction of the war-ravaged economies and the restoration of the international economic order, has been the improvement in the standard of living of the underdeveloped nations. The fashionable view was that the gap between the rich and poor nations was caused by a vicious circle of poverty that required draconian measures to break. The remedy for breaking the circle is state control and economic planning.

In a nation's commercial relations with the world, import restrictions, export subsidization, and foreign exchange controls are the appropriate commercial policy. The theory of comparative advantage and free trade are viewed as fallacious. There are sound reasons why it may choose to produce at home things which it could import more cheaply or to export things at a loss to be covered by subsidy (Myrdal 1957, 98). A decade later, in Asian Drama, Myrdal (1968, 67, 115–116, passim) abandoned what could be interpreted as an educative approach to social change for compulsion. Now he wanted a complete transformation of the values and attitudes that people hold and in the institutions that foster those values.

Of course, Adam Smith ([1776] 1937) would have none of this. Self-interest promoted the general welfare. For his mercantilist predecessors, national wealth was the stock of precious metals at hand. There were policies for their accumulation. For Smith, national wealth was the aggregation of individual wealth. His conception of national wealth was radically different from the mercantilist conception, and hence, the appropriate institutional structure, property rights, and policies were quite different. To the mercantilist, the legal, political, and economic institutions of mercantilism were justified in the public interest of increasing the national wealth (the stock of precious metals). Smith, of course, condemned this institutional framework as anathema to private interest. Given his theorem of the invisible hand, mercantilist policies conflicted with the public interest as well.

The choice of the institutional framework of the economy has consequences for the allocation of resources (efficiency) in the economy. Resources are predisposed to flow to their highest valued use. But a necessary condition for achieving this efficiency result is that all resources be owned exclusively by private individuals and that these resources are transferable. The political, social, legal, and economic framework of society defines what resources can be owned, who can own them, and how they can be employed. The institutional framework sets the parameters of rights in a society.

The menu of choices open to nations is rich. In politics, the range is from democracy—in which everything is settled by citizens—to totalitarian states, where even the most private of matters between people must be sanctioned by the state. In economics, the range is from purely private economies—in which even the legitimacy of the public-goods property of the lighthouse is disputed—to communist societies (and certain religious orders), in which everything is owned in common.

In a study of the world's 115 market economies over the period 1960 to 1980, Scully (1988) compared the compound growth rates of real domestic product per capita and a measure of economic efficiency with measures of political, civil, and economic liberty. It was found that the choice of the institutional structure has profound consequences on the efficiency and growth of economies. Scully found that politically open societies, which bind themselves to the rule of law, to provide property, and to the market allocation of resources, grow at three times the rate and are two and a half times as efficient as societies in which these freedoms are circumscribed or proscribed.

Scully's study, described above, suggests that democracy in the political realm fosters economic growth. There are literatures that suggest just the opposite. Albeit everyone seems to agree that secure property rights foster growth, it is controversial whether democracies or dictatorships better secure these rights. The main mechanism by which democracy is thought to hinder growth is pressure for immediate consumption, which reduces investment. Only states that are institutionally insulated from such pressures can resist them, and democratic states are not. The main argument against dictatorships is that authoritarian rulers have no interest in maximizing total output. These views are succinctly summarized in Przeworski and Limongi (1993, 51–69). Furthermore, they wrote that conservatives and socialists agreed that democracy—specifically universal suffrage and freedom to form unions—must threaten property (Ibid.).

Karl Marx expressed the conviction that private property and universal suffrage are incompatible. According to his analysis, democracy inevitably unchains this class struggle. The poor use democracy to expropriate the riches; the rich are threatened and subvert democracy, typically by abdicating political power to the permanently organized armed forces. As a result, either capitalism or democracy crumbles. The combination of democracy and capitalism is thus an inherently unstable form of organization of society. Certainly, sufficient time has passed to judge if these conclusions are obviously too strong. There are fourteen countries in the world today that have been continuously capitalistic and democratic for the past half century. Yet these classical views should be sufficient to at least call into question the recently fashionable claim that democracy necessarily promotes development by safeguarding property rights.

Although Douglas North (North and Thomas, 1973; North, 1990) has argued that secure property rights are critical for growth, he has not provided a link between property rights and democracy. According to North and Weingast (1989, 803): The more likely it is that the sovereign will alter property rights for his or her own benefit, the lower the expected returns from investment, and the lower in turn the incentive to invest. For economic growth to occur the sovereign or government must merely establish the relevant sets of rights, but make a credible commitment to them. The property-rights literature treats the state as the only source of potential threat. But property rights are threatened by private actors: capitalist property is threatened by organized workers, landlords' property by landless peasants. It is by no means clear that the villain is necessarily the ruler. Indeed, one liberal dilemma is that a strong state is required to protect property from private encroachments, but a strong state is a potential threat itself.

As Mancur Olson (1991, 153) argued, an autocrat cannot credibly commit himself under any circumstance: If he runs the society, there is no one who can force him to keep his commitments. Moreover, what matters is not only the commitment of the current regime to follow a particular policy; it must also be credible that the regime itself will last. An insecure autocrat, in particular, is likely to plunder the society. But Olson also fails to explain how democratic institutions could provide such a credible commitment.

The market is a system in which scarce resources are allocated to alternative uses by decentralized decisions. Yet under capitalism, property is institutionally distinct from authority. This is so because individuals are simultaneously market agents and citizens. As a result, there are two mechanisms by which resources can be allocated to uses and distributed among households—the market and the state. The market is a mechanism in which individuals cast votes for allocations with the resources they own, and these resources are always distributed unequally; the state is a system that allocates resources it does not own, with rights distributed differently from the market. Hence, the allocation of resources that individuals prefer as citizens does not, in general, coincide with that at which they arrive via the market.

As to whether democracy is better than dictatorship, Przeworski and Limongi (op. cit.) present a number of arguments both against and in favor of democracy. Against democracy, they presented the line of argument that was revived in the early 1960s with a focus on growth. The first modern statements that democracy undermines growth are perhaps those by Walter Galenson and Karl de Schweinitz, who argued in 1959 that democracy unleashes pressures for immediate consumption, which occurs at the cost of investment, hence of growth. The argument acquired widespread acceptance under the influence of Samuel Huntington (1968; also Huntington and Dominguez, 1975). In this view, democracy generates an explosion of demands for current consumption. These demands, in turn, threaten profits; hence they reduce investment and retard growth. Democracy is thus inimical to economic development.

(Continues...)

Excerpted from ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT UNDER CRISES—AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSISby Henry O. Akintunde Copyright © 2011 by Henry Akintunde. Excerpted by permission of AuthorHouse. All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.

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preigu

Osnabrück, Alemania

Vendedor de 5 estrellas

Vendedor de IberLibro desde 5 de agosto de 2024

Tarifas de envío de Alemania a Estados Unidos de America

Artículo	De 60 a 60 días hábiles	De 60 a 60 días hábiles
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Métodos de pago

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Descripción de la tienda

preigu betreibt einen Onlineversandhandel mit über 1 Mio. Produkten in verschiedenen Sortimenten. Das Kernsortiment besteht aus Büchern, Medien und Spielwaren. Ein gelungenes Einkaufserlebnis ist das Ziel einer jeden Bestellung bei preigu, denn der Kunde und seine Zufriedenheit stehen an erster Stelle. preigu setzt daher auf einen kompetenten Kundenservice, funktionierende Prozesse und schnelle Reaktion.

Especialidad

Bücher, Spielwaren

Información empresarial del vendedor

preigu GmbH & Co. KG

Lengericher Landstraße 19
Osnabrück, Alemania 49078

About Us

Legal website operator identification:

preigu GmbH & Co. KG
Lengericher Landstr. 19
49078 Osnabrück
Germany

Telephone: +49 (0) 541 / 580 72 84
Email: mail@preigu.de

VAT No: DE 455 380 498
AG Osnabrück - HRA 209647

PhG: preigu Verwaltung GmbH
AG Osnabrück - HRB 221793
CEO: Ansas Meyer

We are neither willing nor obliged to participate in dispute resolution proceedings before consumer arbitration boards.

We are a member of the initiative "FairCommerce" since 30.11.2016.
For more information, see: https://www.haendlerbund.de/de/haendlerbund/interessenvertretung/faircommerce

Contactar con el vendedorVer los artículos de este vendedorVer la página principal del vendedor

Condiciones de venta

Standard Business Terms and customer information

I. Standard business terms

§ 1 Basic provisions

(1) The following terms and conditions of business apply for all contracts concluded with us as the supplier (preigu GmbH & Co. KG) via the websites AbeBooks and/or ZVAB. Unless otherwise agreed, the inclusion of your own terms and conditions is explicitly rejected.

(2) A ‘consumer' in the sense of the following regulations is every natural person who concludes a legal transaction which, to an overwhelming extent, cannot be attributed to either his commercial or independent professional activities. The term ‘businessman' refers to every natural person, legal person or legally responsible partnership that concludes a legal transaction in pursuance of his/its independent professional or commercial activity.

§ 2 Conclusion of the contract

(1) The subject-matter of the contract is the selling of products .

(2) If an article is placed by us with AbeBooks or ZVAB, the activation of the page on AbeBooks or ZVAB shall involve the binding offer to conclude a contract under the terms and conditions contained in the article page.

(3) The contract shall become effective via the online shopping cart system as follows:
The products intended for purchase are moved to the "shopping cart". You can select the "Shopping Cart" using the appropriate buttons on the navigation bar and make changes there at any time.
After calling up the "Checkout" page and entering the required personal data and payment and shipping conditions, all order information is then displayed again on the order summary page.
Before submitting the order, you have the ability once more to review or change any information here (you may also use the "back" button on the Internet browser), or to cancel the purchase.
By clicking the "Buy now" button to submit the order, you declare your legally binding acceptance of the order which makes the contract effective.
(4) The execution of the order and the sending of all the details necessitated by the conclusion of the contract take place via e-mail, in a partially-automated manner. Consequently, you have to ensure that the e-mail address that you have deposited with us is the correct one, and that the receipt of the respective e-mails is guaranteed. In particular, you have to ensure that the respective e-mails are not blocked by a SPAM filter.

§ 3 Right of retention, reservation of proprietary rights

(1) You can only exercise a right of retention if the situation in question involves claims arising from the same contractual relationship.

(2) The goods remain our property until the purchase price is paid in full.

§ 4 Warranty

(1) The statutory warranty rights are applicable.

(2) As a consumer, you are requested to promptly check the product for completeness, visible defects and transport damage as soon as it is delivered, and promptly disclose your complaints to us and the shipping company in writing. Even if you do not comply with this request, it shall have no effect on your legal warranty claims.

(3) If a characteristic of the goods deviates from the objective requirements, the deviation shall only be deemed to be agreed if you were informed of the same by us before submitting the contractual declaration and the deviation was expressly and separately agreed between the contracting parties.

§ 5 Choice of law, place of fulfilment, jurisdiction

(1) German law shall apply. This choice of law only applies to customers if it does not result in the revocation of the protection guaranteed by the mandatory provisions of the law of the country in which the respective customer's usual place of residence is located (benefit-of-the-doubt principle).

(2) If you are not a consumer, but a businessman, a legal entity under public law or an institutional fund governed by public law, our place of business is the place of jurisdiction as well as the place of fulfilment for all services that follow from the business relationships that exist with us. The same condition applies to situations in which you are not associated with a general place of jurisdiction in Germany or the EU, as well as situations in which the place of residence or the usual place of residence is not known at the time of commencement of proceedings. This has no bearing on the capacity to call upon the court associated with another place of jurisdiction.

(3) The provisions of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods are explicitly inapplicable.

II. Customer information

Identity of the seller

preigu GmbH & Co. KG
Lengericher Landstr. 19
49078 Osnabrück
Germany
Telephone: 0541-580 72 84
E-Mail: mail@preigu.de

We are neither willing nor obliged to participate in dispute resolution proceedings before consumer arbitration boards.

Information regarding the conclusion of the contract

The technical steps associated with the conclusion of the contract, the contract conclusion itself and the correction options are executed in accordance to the regulations "conclusion of the contract" in our standard business terms (part I.).

Contractual language, saving the text of the contract

3.1 Contract language shall be English.

3.2 The complete text of the contract is not saved with us. Before the order is sent, the contract data can be printed out or electronically saved using the browser's print function. After the order is received by us, the order data, the legally-mandated details related to distance selling contracts and the standard business terms are re-sent to you via e-mail.

Main features of the product or service

The key features of the goods and/or services can be found in the respective quote.

Prices and payment arrangements

5.1 The prices mentioned in the respective offers represent total prices, as do the shipping costs. They include all the price components, including all the incidental taxes.

5.2 The dispatch costs that are incurred are not included in the purchase price. They can be viewed by clicking the appropriate button on our website or in the respective quote, are shown separately over the course of the order transaction and must additionally be borne by you, insofar as free delivery is not confirmed.

5.3 If delivery is made to countries outside of the European Union, we may incur unreasonable additional costs, such as duties, taxes or money transfer fees (transfer or foreign exchange fees charged by the banks), which you must bear.

5.4 You must also bear the costs arising from money transfers in cases in which the delivery is made to an EU Member State, but the payment is initiated outside of the European Union.

5.5 The payment methods that are available to you are shown by clicking the appropriate button on our website or are disclosed in the respective quote.

5.6 Unless otherwise specified for the respective payment methods, the payment claims arising from the contract that has been concluded become payable immediately.

Delivery conditions

6.1 The delivery conditions, delivery date and existing supply restrictions, if applicable, can be found by clicking the appropriate button on our website or in the respective quote.

Unless a different period is specified in the item description or our delivery conditions, the goods are delivered within 3-5 days after the conclusion of the contract (in case an advance payment has been agreed upon, after the payment authorisation).

6.2 If you are a consumer, the following is statutorily regulated: The risk of the sold item accidentally being destroyed or degraded during shipping only passes over to you when the item in question is delivered, regardless of whether or not the shipping operation is insured. This condition does not apply if you have independently commissioned a transport company that has not been specified by us or a person who has otherwise been appointed to execute the shipping operation.

Statutory warranty right

Liability for defects is governed by the "Warranty" provisions in our General Terms and Conditions of Business (Part I).

Information on battery disposal

In connection with the sale of batteries or the delivery of devices containing batteries, we are obliged to inform you of the following:

Batteries must not be disposed of with household waste.

You can either return used batteries that we carry or have carried in our range as new batteries to us at your own expense or return them free of charge to our shipping warehouse (shipping address). Alternatively, you can hand in the batteries at your local collection points.

As an end user, you are legally obliged to return used batteries so that they can be recycled or disposed of properly.

Used batteries may contain harmful substances that can damage the environment or your health if not stored or disposed of properly. However, batteries also contain important raw materials such as iron, zinc, manganese or nickel and can be recycled.

The symbols on the batteries have the following meanings:

The symbol of the crossed-out wheelie bin means that the battery must not be disposed of with household waste.

For batteries containing a certain amount of lead, cadmium or mercury, the following additions below the symbol with the crossed-out wheelie bin indicate the respective pollutants:

Pb = Battery contains more than 0.004% lead by weight
Cd = Battery contains more than 0.002% cadmium by weight
Hg = Battery contains more than 0.0005% mercury by weight

Information on the costs involved in accordance with Article 56 (4) of the EU Battery Regulation (Regulation 2023/1542) can be found at the ‘Batterie-Zurück (https://www.batterie-zurueck.de/de/bewirtschaftungvonaltbatterien/)' initiative.
Please pay attention to the above instructions.

Derecho al desistimiento

Instructions for revocation

Right of withdrawal for the sale of goods

Revocation right for consumers
(A ‘consumer' is any natural person who concludes a legal transaction which, to an overwhelming extent, cannot be attributed to either his commercial or independent professional activities.)

Instructions for revocation

Revocation right
You have the right to revoke this contract within 14 days without specifying any reasons.
The revocation period is 14 days with effect from the day,

on which you or a third party nominated by you, which is not the carrier, had taken possession of the products, provided you had ordered one or more products within the scope of a standard order and this/these product/products is/are delivered uniformly;
on which you or a third party nominated by you, which is not the carrier, had taken possession of the last product, provided you had ordered several products within the scope of a standard order and these products are delivered separately;
on which you or a third party nominated by you, which is not the carrier, had taken possession of the last part delivery or the last unit, provided you had ordered a product, which is delivered in several part deliveries or units;

To exercise your right of withdrawal, you must inform us (preigu GmbH & Co. KG, Lengericher Landstr. 19, 49078 Osnabrück, Telephone number: +49 (0) 541 / 580 72 84, E-Mail address: mail@preigu.de) by means of a clear declaration (e.g. a letter sent by post, or an e-mail) of your decision to withdraw from this contract. You can use the attached model withdrawal form for this purpose, which is, however, not mandatory.

You can also exercise your right of withdrawal online by clicking on a button labelled accordingly (such as ‘Withdraw from contract' or similar) on the AbeBooks/ZVAB website. If you use this online function, you will immediately receive a confirmation of receipt on a durable medium (e.g. via email) containing information on the content of the withdrawal notice, as well as the date and time of its receipt.

In order to safeguard the revocation period, it is sufficient that you send the notification about the exercise of the revocation right before the expiry of the revocation period.

Consequences of the revocation

If you revoke this contract, we shall repay all the payments, which we received from you, including the delivery costs (with the exception of additional costs, which arise from that fact that you selected a form of delivery other than the most reasonable standard delivery offered by us), immediately and at the latest within 14 days from the day on which we received the notification about the revocation of this contract from you. We use the same means of payment, which you had originally used during the original transaction, for this repayment unless expressly agreed otherwise with you; you will not be charged any fees owing to this repayment.

We can refuse the repayment until the products are returned to us or until you have furnished evidence that you have sent the products back to us, depending on whichever is earlier.

You must return or transfer the products to us immediately and, in any case, at the latest within 14 days with effect from the day on which you inform us of the revocation of this contract. The deadline is maintained if you send the products before the expiry of the 14 day deadline.

You bear the direct costs for returning the products.

You must pay for any depreciation of the products only if this depreciation can be attributed to any handling with you that was not necessary for checking the condition, features and functionality of the products.

Criteria for exclusion or expiry

The revocation right is not available for contracts

for delivery of products, which are not prefabricated and for whose manufacturing an individual selection or stipulation by the consumer is important or which are clearly tailored to the personal requirements of the consumer;
for delivery of products, which can spoil quickly or whose use-by date would be exceeded quickly;
for delivery of alcoholic drinks, whose price was agreed at the time of concluding the contract, which however can be delivered 30 days after the conclusion of the contract at the earliest and whose current value depends on the fluctuations in the market, on which the entrepreneur has no influence;
for delivery of newspapers, periodicals or magazines with the exception of subscription contracts. The revocation right expires prematurely in case of contracts
for delivery of sealed products, which are not suitable for return for reasons of health protection or hygiene if their seal has been removed after the delivery;
for delivery of products if they have been mixed inseparably with other goods after the delivery, owing to their condition;
for delivery of sound or video recording or computer software in a sealed package if the seal has been removed after the delivery.

Specimen - revocation form

(If you wish to revoke the contract, please fill up this form and send it back to us.)

To preigu GmbH & Co. KG, Lengericher Landstr. 19, 49078 Osnabrück, Email address: mail@preigu.de :
I/we () herewith revoke the contract concluded by me/ us () regarding the purchase of the following products ()/
the provision of the following service ()
Ordered on ()/ received on ()
Name of the consumer(s)
Address of the consumer(s)
Signature of the consumer(s) (only in case of a notification on paper)
Date

(*) Cross out the incorrect option.

Privacidad y seguridad

Data protection declaration

Unless stated otherwise below, the provision of your personal data is neither legally nor contractually obligatory, nor required for conclusion of a contract. You are not obliged to provide your data. Not providing it will have no consequences. This only applies as long as the processing procedures below do not state otherwise.
"Personal data" is any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person.

Responsible person
Contact us at any time. The person responsible for data processing is: Ansas Meyer, Lengericher Landstr. 19, 49078 Osnabrück Deutschland, +49 (0) 541 / 580 72 84, mail@preigu.de

Collection and processing when using the cancellation button
If you have entered into a contract via this platform for which a statutory right of cancellation applies, the platform provides you with a cancellation function (cancellation button) through which you can submit your notice of cancellation immediately.
When using the cancellation function, your personal data (name, email address, details identifying the contract or part of the contract you wish to withdraw from, and the time (date and time) of sending the notice of withdrawal) will only be collected to the extent that you have provided it.
The purpose of data processing is to provide you with the statutory option to withdraw from your contract and to ensure the proper processing of your withdrawal.
The platform operator collects your data on the basis of Article 6(1)(f) of the GDPR, namely the legitimate interest in ensuring the general accessibility of the statutory withdrawal function on the platform. You will receive a confirmation email from the platform operator acknowledging receipt of your notice of withdrawal.
The data is then transmitted to us by the platform operator.
If the contact relates to a contract already concluded between you and us, this data processing is carried out on the basis of Article 6(1)(b) of the GDPR. Otherwise, data processing is carried out on the basis of Article 6(1)(c) of the GDPR, to fulfil a legal obligation to provide an electronic withdrawal function.
We use your email address solely to process your notice of withdrawal. Your data will subsequently be deleted in accordance with statutory retention periods, provided you have not consented to further processing and use.

Collection, processing, and transfer of personal data in orders
When you submit an order we only collect and use your personal data insofar as this is necessary for the fulfilment and handling of your order as well as processing of your queries. The provision of data is necessary for conclusion of a contract. Failure to provide it will prevent the conclusion of any contract. The processing will occur on the basis of Article 6(1) b) GDPR and is required for the fulfilment of a contract with you.
Your data will be shared, for example, with shipping companies, dropshipping or fulfillment providers, payment service providers, service providers for order processing, and IT service providers. We will comply strictly with legal requirements in every case. The scope of data transmission is restricted to a minimum.

Duration of storage
After contractual processing has been completed, the data is initially stored for the duration of the warranty period, then in accordance with the retention periods prescribed by law, especially tax and commercial law, and then deleted after the period has elapsed, unless you have agreed to further processing and use.

Rights of the affected person
If the legal requirements are fulfilled, you have the following rights according to art. 15 to 20 GDPR: Right to information, correction, deletion, restriction of processing, data portability. You also have a right of objection against processing based on art. 6 (1) GDPR, and to processing for the purposes of direct marketing, according to art. 21 (1) GDPR.

Right to complain to the regulatory authority
You have the right to complain to the regulatory authority according to art. 77 GDPR if you believe that your data is not being processed legally.
You can lodge a complaint with, among others, the supervisory authority responsible for us, which you may reach at the following contact details:

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Economic Development under Crises | An Econometric Analysis

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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT UNDER CRISES—AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS

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