For Argument's Sake: A Guide to Writing Effective Arguments

1. An Introduction to Argument An Extended Definition The Classes of Argument Argument through Image The Argument Process Reading Arguments Conclusion 2. Where Writing Begins: Motives and Audience Motives for Writing The Importance of Audience 3. The Claim How Claims Work Classifying your Claim 4. An Argument's Support Some Varieties of Support Supporting your Argument Visually Arranging your Argument's Support Definitions 5. Making Reasonable Arguments: Formal and Informal Logic Formal Logic The Toulmin Model: A Modern Variant of Formal Logic Informal Fallacies 6. Arguing Fact What Is a Fact? Supporting Facts Reported by Primary and Secondary Sources Supporting Personally Experienced Facts Supporting Factual Generalizations Statistics Two Sample Factual Arguments 7. Arguing Cause Determining Cause Distinguishing Among Sufficient Causes Causal Chains Contributing Factors Supporting Causal Claims Arguing Effects Two Sample Causal Arguments 8. Arguing Evaluations Evaluative Subjects and Terms Establishing the Definition of the Evaluative Term Arguing the Evaluation Further Methods of Supporting Evaluations The Varieties of Evaluations Sample Ethical Evaluation Sample Interpretation 9. Arguing Recommendations Audience Needs and Values Recommendations Emphasizing the Present Recommendations Emphasizing the Future Recommendations that Consider Present and Future Two Sample Recommendations 10. Writing and Image The Role of Voice The Virtues and Limitations of Plain Writing Figures of Speech Connotative Language and Slanting The Music of Language 11. Introductions and Conclusions Introductions Conclusions Summaries 12. Revising Writing a First Draft, Revising, and Editing Some Suggestions for Successful Revising An Example of Revision Credits Index