Aiol: A Chanson de Geste: Modern Edition and First English Translation (Medieval and Renaissance Texts)

This chanson de geste records the exploits of the young knight, Aiol, as he reclaims by word and deed his father’s and mother’s unjustly stolen heritage. He gains the love of a Saracen princess who converts when she is convinced, by his warrior prowess, of the truth of the Christian god. He then aids the French King Louis in ending a debilitating war led by rebellious vassals and (in an allusion to the Fourth Crusade) similarly helps Emperor Grasien, king of Venice, to end his own war against an enemy to the East. Aiol’s deeds ultimately bring justice to the kingdom of France. But the poem is far more than the tale itself. Aiol, like many other crusading and romance epics, recreates both the Christian culture of the West and the Islamic culture of the Levant. Poets writing in medieval French created richly textured literary metaphors or fictions about both the Christian and Muslim world, and they were themselves well aware that even though they were treating historically-based materials, they were also fabricating fictions and fictive truths, tropes and figures as literary art. Aiol’s literary allusions and fictive representations suggest a sophistication on the part of the chanson’s authors, who wrote for courts that knew well and first-hand the Muslim world. By the time of Aiol’s composition there had long been fruitful cultural, trade — as well as military — interaction between the “two worlds.” Islamic scholars were respected in intellectual circles in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and translators briskly adapted works of Arabic science and medicine for the readers of Latin Europe. Around 80 Old French epics are known from surviving 13th-century manuscripts. These were preserved and passed down by the aristocratic families who had commissioned them and financed their preparation. These poems, often called genealogical epics, served a number of purposes, from entertainment at important courtly occasions, such as marriages and investitures, to edification and instruction in the vernacular of the courtly world. Excerpts of these “songs of deeds” or chansons de geste were also publicly sung after Sunday Mass for the entertainment and instruction of the ordinary people. The institutions of the monarchy, social class, marriage and the family are explored and developed in a poetic enterprise that gave life to what might otherwise have become an academic debate. Dialectical argument structures the entire work into a richly instructive, psychologically compelling and socially pleasing whole. Taken together with Elye of Saint Gilles, Aiol has become known as the "geste de Saint Gilles," because both poems relate events in the lives of Julien of Saint Gilles, a literary epic hero first found in Le Couronnement de Louis, and Julien’s son, Elye and Elye’s son, Aiol. The two poems are preserved in only one richly decorated and ornamented manuscript, the BNFfr 25516. It has been proposed that this geste was presented at the Parisian court of King Philip Augustus for the lavish, festive wedding in 1212 of Jeanne of Constantinople, countess of Flanders, to Ferrand of Portugal. Jeanne was the daughter of Count Baldwin of Flanders and Hainaut, who had, during the Fourth Crusade, been elected emperor of the Latin Empire at Constantinople. Hartman and Malicote’s edition and translation is based on manuscript BNFfr 25516 and on the critical editions of W. Foerster and of J. Normand and G. Raynaud. As with their edition of Elye of Saint Gilles, the editors have chosen simplicity and directness of approach. The translation remains faithful to the spirit and meaning of the Old French poem; creating a lively, interesting and engaging text that allows the reader to savor the rich intellectual and artistic context of the original. First English translation. Dual-Language Poetry. Introduction, notes, bibliography, and all 11 illustrations from the original Paris manuscript.

Sandra Malicote (Ph.D. Indiana University) is the author of Image and Imagination: Picturing the Old French Epic (2009). Her articles on the Old French chanson de geste have appeared in Romania, Romanic Review, Olifant and (Kentucky) Romance Quarterly. Professor (ret.) of French at the University of North Carolina at Asheville, she was a lectrice d'anglais at the Université de Lille III and formerly chaired UNCA's Humanities Program and its Interdisciplinary Studies Program. Her articles on French literature and civilization have appeared in The French Review and in Contemporary French Civilization. With A. Richard Hartman, she edited and translated the chanson de geste, Elye of Saint Gilles (Italica Press, 2011).

Richard Hartman received a B.S. degree from the U.S. Military Academy, a Licence ès lettres from the Université de Nantes, a Maîtrise de lettres modernes from the Université de Bordeaux, and completed a year of course work at the Universidad de Navarra. He holds a Ph.D. in French literature from the University of Colorado. He has published articles on the Old French epic in scholarly journals, such as Marche Romane, Olifant and Revista Hispánica Moderna. An independent scholar, he currently divides his time between Stillwater, Oklahoma and Steamboat Springs, Colorado.