1. Introduction.- 1.1 What is Image Processing?.- 1.2 Descriptions of Images.- 1.3 Sources and Types of Images.- 1.4 Processing Images.- 1.5 Purposes of Processing.- 1.6 Image Quality.- 1.7 A Generalized Image Processing System.- 1.7.1 Source/Object.- 1.7.2 Optical System.- 1.7.3 The Camera.- 1.7.4 Source/Sink Coder.- 1.7.5 Channel Coder.- 1.7.6 Channel.- 1.7.7 Channel Decoder.- 1.7.8 Source/Sink Decoder.- 1.7.9 The Display.- 1.8 A Simple Television System.- 1.8.1 Choice of Components.- 1.8.2 Scanning Standards.- 1.8.3 Sampling in the Time Domain.- 1.8.4 Explaining Motion Rendition and Flicker.- 1.8.5 Sampling in the Space Domain.- 1.8.6 Analog Transmission.- 1.9 Lessons for the System Designer.- 2. Light and Optical Imaging Systems.- 2.1 Light Sources.- 2.2 Photometry.- 2.3 Luminous Transfer of Simple Optical Systems.- 2.4 Some Nonideal Behavior of Simple Optical Systems.- 2.4.1 The Cosine4 Law and Vignetting.- 2.4.2 Aberrations.- 2.4.3 Diffraction.- 2.5 Fourier Optics and the Modulation Transfer Function.- 2.5.1 The Linearity of Optical Systems.- 2.5.2 The Spectrum of Images.- 2.5.3 The Aperture Effect.- 2.5.4 Temporal Video Signals.- 2.5.5 The Correlation Function and the Shape of the Spectrum.- 2.5.6 Concluding Remarks about the Video Spectrum.- 2.6 Quantum Phenomena and Related Noise Sources.- 2.6.1 The Quantum Nature of Light.- 2.6.2 Shot Noise.- 2.6.3 Other Noise Sources.- 2.7 Lessons for the System Designer.- 2.8 Appendix: Statistical Considerations.- 3. Perception of Images.- 3.1 Seeing in the Dark.- 3.1.1 Visual Thresholds.- 3.2 Contrast Sensitivity.- 3.2.1 Lightness Curves.- 3.3 The Effect of Shape.- 3.3.1 Relationship Between Sharpness and Contrast.- 3.4 Masking.- 3.5 Temporal Phenomena.- 3.5.1 Frequency Response and Flicker.- 3.5.2 Motion Rendition.- 3.6 Lessons for the System Designer.- 4. Sampling, Interpolation, and Quantization.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The Sampling Theorem.- 4.3 The Two-Dimensional Spectrum.- 4.4 Interpolation of Digital Images.- 4.5 The Presampling Filter.- 4.6 Hexagonal Sampling.- 4.7 Quantization.- 4.7.1 Amplitude of the Quantizing Noise.- 4.7.2 Randomization of the Quantization Noise.- 4.7.3 Filtering the Noise Spectrum.- 4.7.4 Combination of Filtering and Randomization.- 4.8 Lessons for the System Designer.- 5. Compression.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 bformation-Preserving Coding.- 5.2.1 The Basis for Statistical Coding.- 5.2.2 Coding Based on Conditional Probability Distributions.- 5.2.3 Noise as a Limit to the Efficiency of Entropy Coding.- 5.2.4 The Variation of Entropy with Sampling Density.- 5.3 Graphics Coding.- 5.3.1 One-Dimensional Run-Length Coding.- 5.3.2 Two-Dimensional Coding.- 5.3.3 Some Practical Coding Systems and Their Performance as a Function of Resolution.- 5.3.4 CCITT Standard Codes.- 5.4 Coding of Continuous-Tone Images.- 5.4.1 Lossless Coding.- 5.4.2 Approximation in the Space Domain (Waveform Coding).- 5.5 Lessons for the System Designer.- 6. Image Processing in the Graphic Arts.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Type Composition.- 6.2.1 Type Casting Machines.- 6.2.2 Photocomposition.- 6.2.3 Text Editing Systems.- 6.2.4 Page Composition.- 6.3 Modem Plate Making.- 6.3.1 Letterpress.- 6.3.2 Lithography.- 6.3.3 Gravure.- 6.4 The Halftone Process.- 6.4.1 Introduction.- 6.4.2 The Photographic Halftone Process.- 6.4.3 Fundamental Considerations in Halftone Reproduction.- 6.4.4 Electronic Screens.- 6.5 Lessons for the System Designer.- 7. Color.- 7.1 Color Matching.- 7.2 Color Mixtures.- 7.3 Numerical Colorimetry.- 7.3.1 Graphical Representations.- 7.3.2 Chromaticity Coordinates.- 7.3.3 Transformation of Coordinates.- 7.3.4 The CIE Chromaticity Diagram.- 7.3.5 The Nature of the CIE Primaries.- 7.4 Other Color Spaces.- 7.4.1 CIE UCS (Uniform Chromaticity Scale) Diagram.- 7.4.2 Munsell Space.- 7.4.3 CIE L* a* b* Space.- 7.5 Additive Color Reproduction.- 7.6 Subtractive Color Reproduction.- 7.6.1 Elementary C-olor Correction in Subtractive Systems.- 7.6.2 Problems in Color Reproduction wit
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