Applied Statistics and Multivariate Data Analysis for Business and Economics: A Modern Approach Using SPSS, Stata, and Excel - Tapa blanda

Sinopsis

Contents

Preface  2

List of Figures  11

List of Tables  18

1     Statistics and Empirical Research   19

1.1     Do Statistics Lie?  19

1.2     Different Types of Statistics  21

1.3     The Generation of Knowledge Through Statistics  24

1.4     The Phases of Empirical Research   26

1.4.1     From Exploration to Theory  26

1.4.2     From Theories to Models  27

1.4.3     From Models to Business Intelligence  31

References  33

2     From Disarray to Dataset  34

2.1     Data Collection   34

2.2     Level of Measurement  35

2.3     Scaling and Coding   39

2.4     Missing Values  41

2.5     Outliers and Obviously Incorrect Values  43

2.6     Chapter Exercises  43

2.7     Exercise Solutions  44

References  45

3     Univariate Data Analysis  46

3.1     First Steps in Data Analysis  46

3.2     Measures of Central Tendency  54

3.2.1     Mode or Modal Value  54

3.2.2     Mean   55

3.2.3     Geometric Mean   60

3.2.4     Harmonic Mean   61

3.2.5     The Median   64

3.2.6     Quartile and Percentile  67

3.3     The Boxplot: A First Look at Distributions  68

3.4     Dispersion Parameters  72

3.4.1     Standard Deviation and Variance  73

3.4.2     The Coefficient of Variation   75

3.5     Skewness and Kurtosis  76

3.6     Robustness of Parameters  79

3.7     Measures of Concentration   80

3.8     Using the Computer to Calculate Univariate Parameters  83

3.8.1     Calculating Univariate Parameters with SPSS  83

3.8.2     Calculating Univariate Parameters with Stata  84

3.8.3     Calculating Univariate Parameters with Excel  85

3.9     Chapter Exercises  86

3.10     Exercise Solutions  89

References  93

4     Bivariate Association   94

4.1     Bivariate Scale Combinations  94

4.2     Association Between Two Nominal Variables  95

4.2.1     Contingency Tables  95

4.2.2     Chi-Square Calculations  97

4.2.3     The Phi Coefficient  102

4.2.4     The Contingency Coefficient  105

4.2.5     Cramer's V   107

4.2.6     Nominal Associations with SPSS  107

4.2.7     Nominal Associations with Stata  112

4.2.8     Nominal Associations with Excel  112

4.3     Association Between Two Metric Variables  114

4.3.1     The Scatterplot  114

4.3.2  

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