Sinopsis
I Comparative Studies of Effects of Experience on Perception.- References.- 1 Altered Early Environment: Effects on the Brain and Visual Behavior.- 1. Advantages of Visual System Analysis.- 2. Feature Detectors: A Model of Visual Processing.- 2.1. Detectors in the Adult.- 2.2. Detectors in the Newborn.- 3. Altered Early Environments: A Means of Assessing Innate vs. Experiential Factors.- 3.1. Monocular and Binocular Deprivation.- 3.2. X, Y, and W Afferents: An Addition to the Model.- 3.3. Effect of Visual Deprivation on X, Y, and W Cells.- 3.4. Alternating Monocular Occlusion and Surgically Induced Squint.- 3.5. Early Selective Visual Experience.- 4. Conclusions.- 5. References.- 2 Effect of Early Visual Experience on the Development of Certain Perceptual Abilities in Animals and Man.- 1. Historical Perspective.- 2. New Evidence.- 2.1. Properties of Visual Cortical Cells in the Neonate.- 2.2. Effects of Selective Visual Deprivation.- 3. Implications for Perception.- 3.1. Modification of Vision in Animals by Abnormal Early Visual Input.- 3.2. Modification of Vision in Humans by Abnormal Early Visual Input.- 4. Conclusions.- 5. References.- 3 Depth Perception and Experience.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Human Infant.- 3. The Unlearned Nature of Depth Perception.- 3.1. Precocial Species.- 3.2. Altricial Species.- 4. Studies of Experience with Animals.- 4.1. Genetic Ecological Experience.- 4.2. Reared in "Flat," "Cliff," or "Enriched" Environments, or over Visual Depths.- 4.3. Visual Deprivation.- 4.4. Visuomotor Experience.- 4.5. "Mothering".- 4.6. Improvement and Experience.- 5. Discussion and Conclusion.- 5.1. Adaptation and Ecology.- 5.2. Psychology and Ethology.- 5.3. Measures of Depth Perception.- 5.4. The Perceptual Response.- 5.5. Sensorimotor Effects.- 5.6. Plasticity and Pervasiveness.- 5.7. Plasticity and Phylogeny.- 6. References.- 4 Auditory Environment and Vocal Development in Birds.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Vocal Development Independent of Auditory Environment.- 3. Birdsong.- 4. Effects of Auditory Isolation on Song Development.- 5. Predisposition to Learn Conspecific Song.- 6. Cues for Song Recognition.- 7. Critical Period of Song Learning.- 8. Role of Auditory Feedback.- 9. Concept of a Song Template.- 10. Concluding Remarks.- 11. References.- II Effects of Prolonged Experience on Human Perception.- References.- 5 Role of Linguistic Experience in the Perception of Speech.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Speech Code.- 3. The Categorical Perception Phenomenon.- 4. Some Recent Research on Categorical Perception.- 4.1. Is Categorical Perception Unique to Speech?.- 4.2. Is Categorical Perception of Speech Unique to Humans?.- 5. Categorical Perception and Linguistic Experience.- 5.1. Cross-Language Studies of Voice Onset Time.- 5.2. Cross-Language Studies of Place of Articulation.- 5.3. Within-Language Studies.- 5.4. Laboratory Training Studies.- 6. Development of Phonetic Perception.- 6.1. Cross-Language Studies with Infants.- 6.2. Developmental Studies of Phonetic Perception.- 6.3. Critical Periods in Perceptual Development.- 6.4. Relationship of Perception and Production.- 6.5. Summary of the Developmental Research.- 7. Conclusions and Directions for Future Research.- 8. References.- 6 Cultural Effects on Pictorial Perception: How Many Words Is One Picture Really Worth?.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Trivial Projective Ambiguity: Fully Colored and Detailed Pictures.- 3. Conversion of Colored Pictures to Black and White.- 4. Nontrivial Projective Ambiguity: Outline Drawings.- 5. Recognition of Pictured Objects in Line Drawings.- 6. Embedded Figures Tests.- 7. Pictorial Depth Perception.- 8. Coexistence of Flatness and Depth Information in Pictures.- 9. Use of Conventional Symbols in Art.- 10. Cultural and Historical Options in Depiction.- 11. Summary and Future Directions.- 12. References.- 7 Visual Impairment and the Development of Perceptual Ability.- 1. Definition, Prevalence, Etiology.- 2. Concept Development.- 3. Tangible Graphics.-
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