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PAUL T. ANASTAS, PhD, PAUL H. BICKART, PhD, and MARY M. KIRCHHOFF, PhD, are all in the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

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A guide to designing safer polymers based on the principles of green chemistry and the EPA's Polymer Exemption Rule

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Designing Safer Polymers

John Wiley & Sons

Contents

PREFACE.............................................................................ixLIST OF TABLES......................................................................xiLIST OF FIGURES.....................................................................xi1 THE ROLE OF POLYMERS IN SOCIETY AND THE ENVIRONMENT...............................11.1 Introduction...................................................................11.2 From the Stone Age to the Polymer Age..........................................21.3 Characteristics of Polymers and the Associated Concerns........................31.4 Characteristics of Polymer Manufacture and Synthesis...........................51.5 Conclusion.....................................................................7References..........................................................................82 GREEN CHEMISTRY AND ITS ROLE IN DESIGNING SAFER POLYMERS..........................92.1 Background.....................................................................92.2 Principles of Green Chemistry..................................................122.3 Designing Safer Chemicals......................................................26References..........................................................................273 REGULATION OF POLYMERS UNDER THE TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT.....................313.1 Background.....................................................................313.2 New Chemical Responsibilities..................................................323.3 Authority for Exemptions.......................................................353.4 Outline of the Approach........................................................37References..........................................................................384 THE TSCA POLYMER EXEMPTION: PROVISIONS AND GUIDANCE...............................414.1 Background.....................................................................414.2 Definitions....................................................................424.3 Eligibility Requirements.......................................................424.4 Substances Excluded from the Exemption.........................................484.5 Meeting the Exemption Criteria.................................................524.6 Numerical Considerations.......................................................564.7 The Two Percent Rule and Chemical Identity.....................................654.8 Methods for Detection of Polymer Composition...................................734.9 Calculating Functional Group Equivalent Weight.................................754.10 Other Regulations and Requirements.............................................874.11 Frequently Asked Questions.....................................................89References..........................................................................108Index...............................................................................111

Preface

This book is intended to assist those in the polymer industry in designing safer polymers, substances that adhere to the exemption criteria outlined in the polymer exemption rule. The first chapter recognizes the central role of polymers and plastics in society, while identifying some of the concerns associated with their use and manufacture. Chapter 2 focuses on green chemistry, the design of products and processes that eliminate or reduce the use and generation of hazardous substances. Industry can achieve substantive environmental gains by incorporating the 12 principles of green chemistry into process design and development. The third chapter examines the Toxic Substances Control Act and the exemptions permitted under this legislation, including the polymer exemption. Chapter 4 provides detailed guidance on meeting the polymer exemption criteria. In designing polymers that are exempt, industry is manufacturing products that are better for the environment while simultaneously reducing their regulatory obligations.

P.T.A. P.H.B. M.M.K.

Washington, DC

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Excerpted from Designing Safer Polymersby Paul T. Anastas Paul H. Bickart Mary M. Kirchhoff Copyright © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Excerpted by permission.
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