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Sinopsis
This book explores a wide range of philosophical issues in their connection with theism, including views of free will, ethical theories, theories of mind, naturalism, and karma-plus-reincarnation.
In this clear and logical guide, C. Stephen Layman takes up eight important philosophical questions about God: Does God exist? Why does God permit evil? Why think God is good? Why is God hidden? What is God's relationship to ethics? Is divine foreknowledge compatible with human free will? Do humans have souls? Does reincarnation provide the best explanation of suffering? Based on more than thirty years of experience in teaching undergraduates and in leading philosophical discussions related to God, Layman has arranged the text to deal with each of these eight questions in one or two chapters apiece.
Many philosophical works take up questions about God, but the chapters of this book plunge the reader very quickly into the arguments relevant to each question. Layman presents the arguments cogently and simply, yet without oversimplifying the issues. The book emphasizes strengths and weaknesses of both theism and its metaphysical rivals. Readers will gain a clearer understanding of theism and naturalism, and of their sometimes surprising implications. The book can be used as a text in philosophy of religion and introductory philosophy courses. Professional philosophers will find significant, novel arguments in many of the chapters.
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Acerca del autor
C. Stephen Layman is professor emeritus of philosophy at Seattle Pacific University. He is the author of five books, including The Shape of the Good (University of Notre Dame Press, 1994) and, most recently, Philosophical Approaches to Atonement, Incarnation, and the Trinity.
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<p>The Scottish philosopher David Hume argued along these lines: If there is a necessary being—call it <i>Yahweh</i>, then “Yahweh exists” is a <i>necessary truth</i>, a truth that cannot be false under any circumstances. But a truth is necessary only if its denial is logically inconsistent (explicitly or by implication). For example, “All sisters are female” is a necessary truth. Its denial, “Not all sisters are female” implies “Some sisters are not female” which is equivalent to “Some female siblings are not female” (which is obviously logically inconsistent). But consider existential statements such as “Unicorns exist.” Its denial, “Unicorns do not exist,” is clearly not logically inconsistent. The same goes for “Odin exists” and presumably also for “Yahweh exists.” So, “Yahweh exists” is not a necessary truth and Yahweh is not a necessary being.</p><p>While Hume’s argument has some initial plausibility, his reasoning rests on a false assumption about necessity. The denial of a necessary truth is a <i>necessary falsehood</i>, a statement that cannot be true in any circumstances. And it is now widely recognized among philosophers that not every necessary falsehood is logically inconsistent. Examples include: “Red is not a color,” “2 + 2 = 22,” “Some blue objects have no size,” “Abraham Lincoln is the number 13,” and “Water is not H20.” Statements such as these describe impossibilities, but one cannot derive a logical inconsistency (“A and not A”) from them. Thus, Hume’s argument rests on a misunderstanding about necessity. </p><p>Now, consider all of the contingent beings—a vast number of entities. What explains their existence? Let’s start with the <i>currently</i> living animals and plants. Naturally, we can explain their existence by appealing to biological reproduction. But the currently living animals and plants are preceded by a very long chain of causes. That chain of causes goes back beyond the time when life was first present on earth (roughly 3.5 billion years ago, according to contemporary science). Indeed, that chain of causes presumably goes all the way back to the so-called Big Bang about 13.7 billion years ago. Furthermore, as far as we can tell, all the entities in this chain of physical causes are contingent beings. </p><p>How does naturalism explain the presence of contingent beings—not this or that contingent being, but the very presence of contingent beings? In fact, naturalists typically offer no explanation. They typically claim that the existence of physical reality (and hence the existence of contingent beings) is a<i> brute fact</i>, i.e., a fact that cannot be explained. They simply take the existence of physical reality for granted--they do not explain its presence. And notice that nothing would be gained by postulating (hypothesizing) the existence of additional contingent beings. We cannot explain the presence of a type of being simply by <i>postulating</i> that there are more beings of that type!</p><p>How does theism explain the presence of contingent beings? Theism explains their presence as ultimately due to God’s choice. But to understand this explanation, we must think about a more fundamental issue: <i>Why would God create anything</i>? Here we must recall the content of the theistic hypothesis under consideration, which includes the idea that God is perfectly good--an idea with far-reaching implications. If God is perfectly good, then God is perfectly loving. And a loving being is generous. A generous being wants to share good things with many others. And a powerful God could share many wonderful things, such as the experience of beauty, the delight in creative activity, the satisfaction of loving personal relationships, the joy of acquiring knowledge, and pleasures--both physical and mental. But of course, to share these good things with many others, God must create many others. Thus, a loving, generous God would have good reason to create many intelligent conscious beings with whom to share good things, beings such as humans. Of course, God might also have reason to create non-physical intelligent beings, such as angels. But embodied, intelligent creatures could certainly be recipients of many good gifts from God. Moreover, embodied, intelligent creatures would plausibly be the most remarkable feature of a physical universe, its crowning feature. And God would have multiple reasons to create the physical universe. First, the universe is spectacularly beautiful—from the starry heavens to the intricate microscopic structures within a cell. Second, the stability of the universe makes it a suitable theatre for the action of free agents. (Just consider how our actions presuppose the stability or regularity of our environment. For example, in a simple act such as handing a child a toy, we must take it for granted that the toy won’t suddenly evaporate and that our arms and hands will do what we want them to do.) Third, the universe is, so to speak, an engineering marvel, fascinating in the way it works. To sum up, <i>theists can explain the presence of contingent beings in terms of reasons a generous God would have to create a physical reality that includes intelligent conscious creatures.</i></p>
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Paperback. Condición: New. This book explores a wide range of philosophical issues in their connection with theism, including views of free will, ethical theories, theories of mind, naturalism, and karma-plus-reincarnation. In this clear and logical guide, C. Stephen Layman takes up eight important philosophical questions about God: Does God exist? Why does God permit evil? Why think God is good? Why is God hidden? What is God's relationship to ethics? Is divine foreknowledge compatible with human free will? Do humans have souls? Does reincarnation provide the best explanation of suffering? Based on more than thirty years of experience in teaching undergraduates and in leading philosophical discussions related to God, Layman has arranged the text to deal with each of these eight questions in one or two chapters apiece. Many philosophical works take up questions about God, but the chapters of this book plunge the reader very quickly into the arguments relevant to each question. Layman presents the arguments cogently and simply, yet without oversimplifying the issues. The book emphasizes strengths and weaknesses of both theism and its metaphysical rivals. Readers will gain a clearer understanding of theism and naturalism, and of their sometimes surprising implications. The book can be used as a text in philosophy of religion and introductory philosophy courses. Professional philosophers will find significant, novel arguments in many of the chapters. Nº de ref. del artículo: LU-9780268202064
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Paperback. Condición: New. This book explores a wide range of philosophical issues in their connection with theism, including views of free will, ethical theories, theories of mind, naturalism, and karma-plus-reincarnation. In this clear and logical guide, C. Stephen Layman takes up eight important philosophical questions about God: Does God exist? Why does God permit evil? Why think God is good? Why is God hidden? What is God's relationship to ethics? Is divine foreknowledge compatible with human free will? Do humans have souls? Does reincarnation provide the best explanation of suffering? Based on more than thirty years of experience in teaching undergraduates and in leading philosophical discussions related to God, Layman has arranged the text to deal with each of these eight questions in one or two chapters apiece. Many philosophical works take up questions about God, but the chapters of this book plunge the reader very quickly into the arguments relevant to each question. Layman presents the arguments cogently and simply, yet without oversimplifying the issues. The book emphasizes strengths and weaknesses of both theism and its metaphysical rivals. Readers will gain a clearer understanding of theism and naturalism, and of their sometimes surprising implications. The book can be used as a text in philosophy of religion and introductory philosophy courses. Professional philosophers will find significant, novel arguments in many of the chapters. Nº de ref. del artículo: LU-9780268202064
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