Global Dilemmas: Imperial Bolton-le-Moors from the Hungry Forties to the Death of Leverhulme - Tapa dura

Bolton-le-Moors was a global center of cotton, coal, and engineering, whose factory engines were the beating heart of the Victorian world. Commanding the widest range of trades of any town in the Empire, it specialized in papermaking, from pawn tickets to banknotes, via newspapers and syndicated fiction. Responsive to locality, yet world-aware, its many independent writers shared a creative forum with authors like Wordsworth, Tennyson, Ruskin, Gaskell, Charlotte Bronte, Tolstoy, Whitman, Thomas Hardy, T. S. Eliot, Virginia Woolf. Other "locals" include mathematician Thomas Kirkman, "father of design theory," Thomas Moran, painter of the American "New West," Charles Holden, the Empire's leading Modern architect. Bolton's printed culture was founded on traditions that made it a bulwark of parliamentary puritanism in the days of Reformation and Civil War. These traditions increasingly confronted global dilemmas that the town's own inventiveness and entrepreneurship had helped create: yet its high moorlands also provided a breathing space to generate imaginative spiritual, political, and practical remedies. Global Dilemmas completes the account of Bolton writing initiated in A Kingdom in Two Parishes and continued in Classic Soil: an arc of discourse from Thomas Lever (1521-77), whose social experiments provided the model for the Protestant colonization of the New World, to his kinsman W. H. Lever (Lord Leverhulme), sincere Christian, world capitalist, progressive social thinker, and (pursuing the logic of profit) exploiter of Conrad's African "heart of darkness."