Treatise on Hydrostatics and Hydromechanics, Vol. 2 (Classic Reprint) - Tapa blanda

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Excerpt from Treatise on Hydrostatics and Hydromechanics, Vol. 2

The sciences of Hydrostatics and Hydrodynamics are founded like other physical sciences on experimental determinations of the properties of bodies; solid, liquid and gaseous.

In discussing the ordinary problems of the rest and motion of fluid bodies, the simple laws or properties of fluids are required to be known, but when we attempt to solve the higher problems of the motions of fluids we find that the nature or constitution of fluids must be considered as known also. In this manner it was found by Lagrange that in proceeding analytically by the older rules for the motion of bodies, there was required an additional equation for the solution of problems of hydrodynamics; and he formed this equation on the theory that whilst fluids remain continuous, an elementary portion may change its form, volume, and density, provided the mass remains constant. This equation is called the equation of continuity. The theory of sound, the problem of resistances, and the phenomena of diverging and converging streams of elastic fluids are still unsolved by this method. The theory of continuous fluids is consequently insufficient for the true solution of hydrodynamical problems.

The doctrine of the atomic constitution of bodies and the necessary consequence that the motion of fluids consists of the motion of their constituent atoms or molecules, of which each is capable of motion independently of the others, requires us to consider them as congeries of atoms or molecules, each being capable of motion amongst the others on the application of the slightest force or additional force to it.

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