A history of diplomacy in the international development of Europe Volume 1 - Tapa blanda

This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1905 Excerpt: ...was this new tendency so marked as in the study of the law. The conflict between the Empire and the Papacy involved the collision of the two great legal systems which pertained to them,--the Civil Law of Rome, which furnished the legal weapons for defending the imperial power; and the Canon Law, which had grown up in the practice of the ecclesiastical courts and supplied a vast armory for the defence of the rights exercised by the clergy. Schools of law had long existed at Pavia, Bavenna, and probably at Rome, but the foundation of the school at Bologna, early in the twelfth century, marks a new period in the development of juristic study. Its celebrated master, Irnerius, was successively engaged on both sides of the investiture controversy, and the interest awakened in the legal questions now thrust upon the attention of thoughtful men drew multitudes of students from every part of Europe to hear the famous teachers of Bologna. At the same time, the canonists were busy with their task of strengthening the legal foundation of the papal monarchy, as shown in the works of Ivo of Chartres and Gratian of Bologna. Under the combined pressure of the conciliatory endeavors of Calixtus, the hostility of the Church, and the growing sentiment that reason rather than force was the proper court of appeal in the settlement of the dispute, Henry at last yielded to the proposition to refer the question to a German council under the presidency of the Pope. Accordingly, on September 8, 1122, a council met at Worms. The Pope sent to represent him Lambert, Bishop of Ostia, who had studied in both of the rival schools at Bologna, and had fully acquainted himself with the arguments used by the Civilians and the Canonists in defending their respective views. It was a happy selec...