The Social Theory of Practices: Tradition, Tacit Knowledge and Presuppositions - Tapa dura

The concept of human practices - practices of representation or constitutive practices that make up a political or scientific tradition or an organizational culture, practices of repression, sexist practices and so on - has today become central to social theory and to the bodies of discourse that surround it. This book presents an analysis and critique of the idea of practice as it has developed in the various theoretical traditions of the social sciences and the humanities. The concept of a practice, understood broadly as a tacit possession that is "shared" by and the same for different people, has a fatal difficulty, the author argues. This object must in some way be transmitted, "reproduced", in Bourdieu's famous phrase, in different persons. But there is no plausible mechanism by which such a process occurs. The historical uses of the concept, from Durkheim to Kripke's version of Wittgenstein, provide examples of the contortions that thinkers have been forced into by this problem, and shows the ultimate implausibility of the idea of the interpersonal transmission of these supposed objects. But without the notion of "sameness" the concept of practice collapses into the concept of habit. The conclusion sketches a picture of what happens when we do without the notion of a shared practice, and how this bears on social theory and philosophy. It explains why social theory cannot get beyond the stage of constructing fuzzy analogies, and why the standard constructions of the contemporary philosophical problem of relativism depend upon this defective notion.