lap lambert academic publishing jul 2011 (Más de 4.600 resultados)

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -The main focus of this book is the use of color in advertising. The theoretical base of this research has been built upon perspectives forwarded by Kandinsky, Scriabin and Elkin who tried to correlate color to music. The research explores whether color music theory developed by psychotherapist Dr. Elkin has an effect in advertising. The study has revealed that the color-music correspondence theory proposed by Dr. Elkin can be modified due to variables in cultural perception and can find application to advertiisng field.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 72 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -Different scholars and exponents of the world of finance have found that the problem of conflict of interest might play a relevant role in the business of credit rating agencies. On the one hand, it is argued that credit rating agencies have no incentive to exploit conflicts of interest since they would lose their reputation for providing valuable information. On the other, it seems that the increase in rules that depend on credit ratings has created an incentive for a few rating agencies, identified as NRSROs, to supply inaccurate ratings and for market participants to pay for regulatory rights deriving from the agencies¿ ratings. The scope of this research is to study whether reputable and well-established credit rating agencies can build up a margin that allows them to remain unaffected by a lowered quality of the service provided and to indulge in exploiting the conflict of interest by giving their customers, i.e. the issuers, unduly high ratings. This study will also suggest a critical review of the latest amendments and amendment proposals to the existing legislation governing credit rating agencies aimed at improving oversight and regulation of these agencies.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 108 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -At the moment it is not exactly clear what the rights and obligations of states are regarding Private Military Companies under international law. Nevertheless the reliance of states on their services has increased. Especially during hostilities the possibility of an internationally wrongful act increases, which can trigger State Responsibility. This book determines at what precise point State Responsibility is triggered with regard to the Articles on State Responsibility and the due diligence principle, so that states can be held responsible for the acts of Private Military Companies. This book also offers some elements for regulating Private Military Companies on a global level and discusses the contribution of new initiatives, such as the newly finalized Montreux Document and the global framework of the International Peace Institute. This book is useful for academic professionals, government officials, private military companies, non-governmental organizations and anyone who has a special interest in this topic.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 68 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -The events of 09/11 resulted in a tremendous blow to the image of Islam and Islamic countries. Right-wing politicians (ab)use this negative image to strengthen support for their anti-immigrant policies and hate against Islam. This book examines attempts made by Islamic countries to improve the image of Islam using Public Diplomacy (PD). An analysis and comparison is done of and between the foreign policy and (PD) diplomatic efforts of Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Senegal and Malaysia, focused on the impact on the existing image in the West. Even though quality PD improves the image of Islam, success and impact of current efforts is hampered by domestic and international circumstances.The study highlights an important, alternative (pioneering) role for PD in improving the image of Islam, assisting in bringing about deeper understanding and tolerance on a global level. PD has so far, only been associated with country, places and products. Islam is none of these; it is the world¿s second largest religion. This book should be useful to students and professionals in the field of diplomacy or international relations, or anyone else interested in improved relations between the West and Islam.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 84 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Coordinated School Health Program model in reducing childhood obesity rates using state level data collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) through the School Health Policies and Programs Study (SHPPS) for the years 1994, 2000, and 2006. I measured the effectiveness of school health policies including routine BMI screening, joint activities between health education and food service staff, staff training on nutrition, staff training on exercise, certifying health educators, prohibiting sale of junk food, limiting access to vending machines, whether schools teach about nutrition in class, and whether schools teach about exercise in class. Demographic differences including race, education, income, health coverage, and adults¿ smoking habits were controlled for. Requiring BMI screening and providing training in nutrition for school staff yielded statistically significant results. I provided policy implications and recommendations.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 64 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -The granting of computer program and electronic business method patents has raised doubts and concerns among researchers in economics and among supporters of open source software. The patent systems in the US and in Europe and their economic impacts are different and have been analyzed in recent studies. The following work is intended to highlight the current set of knowledge on the economic impact of software patents in the United States and Europe and the impact that the less permissive European system has on the diffusion and use of open source software. In this work a brief evolution of the software industry is presented. Scientific papers that analyze empirically the questions of software patent quality and the impact on the innovative activity caused by such patents are reported. The main theories on the economic motives of open source software are studied and reviewed in light of recent changes to the economic system. Lastly the industry and economic effect of the diffusion of open source software in Europe and the problems with computer implemented inventions patents are evaluated.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 88 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -The growth of the Chinese and Indian economies has led to a growth for luxury brands in these markets. Luxury brands are finding that there are great opportunities to be had in investing and developing their products for these two markets. The aim of this piece of research is two-fold. The first is to uncover what motivations Chinese and Indian consumers have for buying luxury brands. The second is to compare the results and to ascertain to what degree they are similar or different. This will allow both researchers and practitioners to understand these markets better, and to make better-informed strategic decisions accordingly.What was discovered were motivations shared between the two cultures, and motivations distinctive to either Chinese or Indian consumers.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 80 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -The majority of films today are not produced with the intent to lure people to visit certain destinations. However, in a sense a destination in a film can be seen as a form of product placement that consumers are willing to spend money on to experience. People can, from their TV sofa or cinema chair, gaze upon places, people, stories and other depictions of attributes that a film consists of. When an attribute stands out it can be powerful enough to create a pulling power for the viewers to travel to the film location and see or experience it in reality. This phenomenon has been referred to as film-induced tourism and is still a relatively unexplored area containing many research gaps. This book attempts to fill some of those gaps and find connections between them in order to better understand the occurring processes within film-induced tourism. Destination images, travel motivation, authenticity and travel behaviour in a film tourism context are discussed and analysed. This book should be of interest for professionals in tourism, destination marketing, advertising and branding as well as governmental organs interested in ways to promote cities and countries.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 92 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -In the Himalayan country of Nepal, the inclusion of women in government extension projects has been a key development strategy since 1990s. Extension projects encourage and provide support for the establishment of grassroots women¿s groups. Most of these groups disintegrate after the termination of government support; however, and before achieving all their objectives, indicating that extension agencies are generally unsuccessful in establishing sustainable groups. This book explores the issues related to the sustainability of these women¿s groups, and identifies the reasons for their premature disintegration. A case study approach is employed, using qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with group members and extension officers in the Kavre district of Nepal. Meeting group members¿ needs is a precondition for sustainability; however, results suggest that the perception of these needs differs between the women¿who desire self-empowerment¿and extension agencies¿who want increased productivity. Results further suggest that while cultural diversity may increase sustainability, economic and gender diversity may have the opposite effect. Nepalese extensionBooks on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 100 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -Manyu division is one of the more than fifty basic administrative units of the Republic of Cameroon, West Africa. It is situated in the south west region of Cameroon, bordering with Nigeria. Most Manyu people do not know the meanings of their names and a significant number even think Manyu names have no meaning at all. This book attempts to dispel such notions and provide the name meanings. It is the first ever attempt at such an important subject to Manyu people. To do so, the author has made a brief survey of the history of the migration of the Ekois from Nigeria to Cameroon. He has shown that even though their language has mutated into several dialects, their cultural tenets remain essentially unchanged. Thus, their religiosity, cosmology, mysticism, (incarnation and reincation) and cultural believes and practices show proof of a common origin. These believes are explained in the book and shown how they affect the naming methods, and thus meanings, of Manyu names. The book should thus interest all Manyuans and all students and scholars of African studies. Major university and public libraries should find it useful.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 100 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -Ethiopian rural women make significant contribution to agriculture and are the mainstay of the farm labor. They work in all aspects of agriculture. In addition to their active engagement in agriculture, women are responsible for all household chores. Despite their immense contribution to the agriculture, rural women often face difficulties than men in gaining access to agricultural information. There is, therefore, an alarming need to improve agricultural extension work with the rural women. Therefore, this book provides facts about the agricultural information network of farm women; factors influencing farm women¿s information network output and the constraints and opportunities of extension services in reaching out to women in Southern EthiopiaThe findings can help in guiding those who are working in extension organizations to bring rural transformation, and it also helps policy makers and development planners who are concerned about gender issue while planning and designing agricultural projects.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 120 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -This research aims at understanding the interrelation between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and financial performance. Corporate Social Responsibility has gained increasing attention in both academic and business literature and companies find themselves under increasing pressure, both from a legal and social perspective, to take into account social and environmental issues. This is why we notice more and more initiatives to implement CSR in business strategies and to improve transparency through the publication of annual CSR reports and rankings. Our analysis on distinct industries shows differing relations between CSR and financial performance. This brings us to the conclusion that the relation depends strongly on unobservable industry- and firm-specific effects and the businesses¿ internal and external environment. Furthermore, our findings suggest that CSR initiatives tend to be cyclical, depending on the efficiency of the firm, and lead to the belief that the relation between CSR and financial performance tends to take the form of a virtuous circle.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 64 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -Like many Sub Sahara African countries, agriculture in Cameroon is the backbone of the economy. It accounts for over 30 percent of GDP and 70 percent of total employment and therefore it is obvious that the agricultural sector is a key component to economic growth, development and plays a pivotal role in poverty reduction. The rising poverty situation in the world especially in Sub Sahara Africa (SSA) has led to the development of poverty reduction strategies in several countries and the world at large in an effort to abate poverty. While some of these strategies have witnessed success in some countries, others have failed to produce expected results or are still to produce significant results especially in Africa where these measures are widely implemented .This book presents a scientific and objective examination of Policy interventions in SSA Economies especially countries that have gone through the structural Adjustment Process. It therefore gives me the pleasure to commend it to scholars, policy makers, researchers and the general public.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 88 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -Every year, many people fall victim to injury, harm and even death through accidents on construction sites . These sites are rife with danger, can be resulted from a variety of causes. Accidents could stem from negligence of other site workers, inappropriate behavior of other site workers, defective machinery, mistakes and negligence caused by drinking or drugs taken.In many countries, occupational accidents represent a major problem in public health. This is usually involved with the situation that cannot be taken for granted at the workplace. With this serious scenario has also come a rise number of accidents in the need for martketing, and very limited academic literature on how to best determine the reasons and effects of accicents in the construction site. This book, therefore provides a guideline for the management in ensuring all the employees and employers are able to obey the rule OSHA. The analysis should help to create a safety and health enviroment for the workers and should be especially usefull for professionals and policy makers in creating the best practice in occupational safety and health in the workplace at large.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 56 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -The insurance industry has seen a recent growth in a market segment which prefers products and services that relate to the Islamic Society and the concept of mutual cooperation in abidance with the Islamic Laws. The reason for this growth is the existence of an alternative called as `Islamic¿ insurance products provided by the Takaful insurance companies. Ever since the establishment of the concept of Takaful, the Takaful providers have been capturing the market in the Islamic community with this core competency feature in their products. There has been very little academic literature that compares the managerial and conceptual aspects of the conventional and takaful insurers. This book, therefore, compares 5 leading insurance/re-insurance companies in The Kingdom of Bahrain of which 2 are conventional companies, 2 are takaful companies and one practising both types of insurance. The analysis should help us understand how different these companies are and should be especially useful for individuals or organisations who are left with a choice to select either of the above two insurance providers.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 96 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -Risks have always been an inextricable part of a rapidly shifting economy. They cannot be separated from the institutional arrangements in commerce, technology, media communication and scientific judgment with which they are unavoidably associated. Research has shown that UK mid-sized companies are, however, prepared to seek professional advice for those areas where they know it is available and more than 90% use external risk advisors to help them manage risks. This book, therefore, should help shed some light on this new and exciting product - Risk Frisk® especially useful to professionals such as insurance brokers, auditors, insurers, risk consultants and specialist advisors on technical areas and SME¿s who do not have any formal system in place to assess risk. In order to help these company products like Risk Frisk® can be implemented and my research has shown that companies are willing to use such a product.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 100 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -Consumer expectations of foreign products are one of the bases which can be used to examine consumers¿ inner feelings and dynamics and how consumers respond or use the country of origin information cue. Identifying the influences on the country image formations needs examinations of what consumers expect from foreign products. Accordingly, this study has attempted to provide insights on possible consumer profiles based on what consumers expect from foreign products,to understand what causative factors affect the perceptions of the country of origin of foreign products. The understanding of what consumers expect from foreign products enables marketers of foreign products to identify the implications of ¿foreignness¿. This study revealed that consumers buy foreign products in order to meet their expectations: Conviviality, Novelty, Relaxation, Searching and Economic and consumer demographics have a significant impact on the expectations of COO of foreign products. Thus, this study has proposed an approach to categorize consumers based on consumer expectations of COO of foreign products into distinct profiles, which have remarkable theoretical, policy and managerial implications.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 112 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -The Malaysian Chinese is unique and highly distinctive among the ethnic Chinese. They are living in multicultural environment and having highly westernised lifestyle. Thus, this work is attempt to explore new insight and develop further knowledge of Malaysian Chinese consumers¿ (aged 25 ¿ 34) behaviour which has been under-researched for sometimes. Previously, marketing researchers (Ong, 1993; Mokhlis, 2009) found that there is no homogenous among Malaysian Chinese in terms of ethnic attitudes and consumer behaviours. Therefore, it would be appropriate to explore Malaysian Chinese¿s ethnicity ties and self ethnic identification, because it is important in determine continuation of Chinese culture influence. Moreover, this work will also continue to unfold the affect of Chinese culture influences on Malaysian Chinese consumers¿ perceived value in consumption. Furthermore, the qualitative research approach has been adopted in this research. Three naturalistic group interviews and two in-depth interviews were conducted to interview three groups of informants, namely consumers, marketer and retailer.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 120 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -The process of economic globalization has created a new entity in the dominion of economic phenomena: the world economic system. In this essay we have tried to give a scientific answer to the question 'What is the world economy ' by proposing mechanisms which generate all the phenomena involved in that question. We have adopted an enactive perspective, and we have taken the Theory of Autopoiesis applied to social systems as our main methodological frame of reference, along with some contributions from Evolutionary Institutionalism. Thus, we have been able to conclude that, for us as observers, the world economy, as world economic system, is a social system: which arose spontaneously, when the conditions for it occurred, as a final consequence of the will of the human beings who compose the system; which has the capacity to self-regulate, thanks to institutions and continuous decisions by innumerable agents who have a specific ideology as reference; and the evolution of which depends on the capacity of these self-regulation mechanisms to neutralize disturbances while never losing the capitalist identity of the system (although ideological changes are sometimes necessary).Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 72 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -The rural area is the home to 70% of population in Southern Africa. Agriculture is the main rural economic activity and the backbone of the economy. Neglecting or paying less attention to agricultural and food policy will prevent the region from achieving the first Development Millennium Goal (Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger). The region development will not occur unless the agricultural development takes off. This monograph is intended for undergraduate and master students in agricultural economics programs. It is also designed to help policy-makers in the region understand the rationale and processes associated with designing and implementing agricultural and food policy. Times change and policies should change with them.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 96 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -The purpose of this book is to present the dynamics between producers and distributors of Genetically Modified Organisms and their stakeholders. In particular the discussion is focused on a specific class of stakeholders defined as secondary stakeholders, that, in accordance with Hall and Martin (2005), may play a disruptive role in radical technology development by presenting political challenges and creating difficulties andor disrupting the competencies of innovation value-added chain stakeholders. The book gives an overview of the problems faced by the transgenic technology, the current situation of the market and the technology used in producing GM products. Finally I suggest the best strategy to be followed to prevent the block of the innovation process by secondary stakeholders.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 80 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -Operations of foreign trade represent the ways in which is done the exchange of goods and services between national economy and other countries in the world . Operations of foreign trade contain: exports, imports, re-exports of goods and services developed by the national economy in the frame of international trade. The complexity of foreign trade operations is given by a lot of acts, economic agents implied in their developing and basic documents that are attached in products transportation. By using foreign trade operations, we connect the national economy to international trade flows developed inside world economy. In order to develop in optimal terms the foreign trade operations it is mandatory to study the complicated trade techniques used on external markets.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 64 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -Contemporary business world is now facing a new challenge, a shift from traditional innovation to eco-innovation. In this shift, organizations need to recognize the importance of environment in any aspect of innovation. This book aims to deduce the drivers of eco-innovation from the overview of existing literature and empirical study to provide an understanding of the organization aiming towards eco-innovation. This research is limited to the investigation of drivers of eco-innovation in one single organization i.e. Tekniska Verken, Linköping, Sweden. Conceptual model of drivers of eco-innovation is created from previous research and verified through empirical study. The model of this research is to outline the three categories of drivers within the limit and scope of this analysis. However modification of the model on the basis of additional drivers has been duly appreciated and elucidated to reflect reality of the research. The findings of this research work may help to stop unnecessary investment in organization, give the necessary boundary that needs to be given attention to the environmentally concerned stakeholders.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 84 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -Different scandals around the globe during the past, in specific during the last decade, have intrigued the stakeholders to question the roles of both auditors and management. But most of the fingers since then have been raised on the role of auditors, because it is the auditors who are entrusted with the responsibility to detect any errors or frauds in the financial reports of the client-firm. Apart from this, the long-term auditor client relationship has been the center of attention in most of the discussions and debates as well. Numerous studies have been conducted by the academic researchers, financial and professional analysts, regulatory authorities and governing bodies, and in some cases by the auditors and the firms as well regarding the effects of long-term auditor-client relationship on audit quality, equity risk premium, financial reports quality, audit pricing etc. These studies provide us with different results, both with the positive and negative associations and effects of long-term auditor-client relationship on the basis of different factors and contexts. Therefore, we would be studying this relationship in between auditors and SME clients.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 116 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -The study explores the performance and dynamics, of public protest in Kenya using a variety of data sources including selected testimonies and archival data. Noting the changes manifested in the way the protest events happen in Kenya,it attempts to establish the motivation and explanation for such changes within the logic of rationality, dramatization and personalization of public politics.It demonstrates how a personalized rationality of the emerging and shifting political classes dominates and manipulates the nature and construct of the protest movement in Kenya. The visceral desire to control existing State machinery which are only viable means for accumulation, mobilization and distribution of economic resources and socio-political reproduction is the feasible explanation for such shifts. Existing social movement theorizing ignores this reality. Thus the study concludes that the protest movement and political context in Kenya and other peripheral countries are best studied through the resource mobilization and state class perspectives. The book is meant for students, activists and researchers of social movements and popular change advocacy.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 60 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -Banking system problem is a frequently occurred phenomenon, in developed as well as developing or transitional economies; thus it now attracts more and more attentions of economists, policy makers and politicians all over the world. This phenomenon demonstrated the importance of constructing a sound banking system. This book analyzes the complex relationship between economic growth and bank restructuring using the case of China at the beginning of 21 century. The book analyzed the effects of bank restructuring on the bank loan supplies and how these effects have influenced the investments and economic growth in China. Based on these analyzes the book also offered some policy recommendations There are now huge volumes of literature about the cause of the banking problems and the strategy for dealing with them. However, surprisingly few researches have been done about the effects of bank restructuring on the economies and the importance of these negative effects for a sound bank restructuring schedule. I hope this book may fulfill the gapBooks on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 96 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -The objective of this book is to find out societies¿ attitude to the growing up process of an individual. The prime focus goes to the drawing of a holistic perspective of social definition of a child as a man in different stages of his life in the context of Bangladesh. The initial part of this paper contains the introduction and background of the topic. Next part portrays literature review as well as operational definitions. . In the middle portion I have endeavored to sketch the theoretical framework where several theories of personality have been emphasized. The later part crystal clearly shows the methodological arrangement. Here I have used the qualitative research framework and its KII technique. The next chapter has been cited with the major interpretation of findings. In this dissertation I have given my own analysis where both feminist perspective and gender perspective have been prioritized.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 56 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -Indian sugar sector having a large stake in the world sugar economy, like on several occasions in the past, once again found it at cross roads. From an era of large production, high surpluses and virtually unmanageable stocks, India has turned into an importer of sugar, albeit of raw sugar, to meet the gap between supply and demand in the world market. The research is basically, to analyze the performance of ICL Sugars Ltd., India. This report is purely the comparative analysis of ICL Sugars Limited with two Indian sugar mills ie., EID Parry (India) Limited & Ponni Sugars (Erode) Ltd and two foreign sugar mills i.e., Habib Sugar Mills Limited & Shahtaj Sugar Mills Limited.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 96 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -What you actually need to become a better you, a better leader.'Without change there is no innovation, creativity or incentive for improvement. Those that initiate change will have a better opportunity to manage the change that is inevitable'. Are you afraid of change This book teaches how you can become adaptable to change by understanding yourself and becoming a better you.The Role of Effective Leadership in Managing Innovation and Change in Projects is based on original research into several of the world's best organizations and biographies of great leaders. It contains a lot of great quotations and speeches of great leaders whom we all admire.You will learn how to become a better employee, a better entrepreneur and a better leader. It contains what you actually need to do in order to manage, lead and succeed during innovation and change.This book will also help you become better in your everyday life.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 100 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condición: Neu. Neuware -There exists a proposition that ¿once the process of integration began in areas of low politics, they were bound to move on to encompass areas of high politics¿ by the phenomenon of spillover effects. This pattern was evidenced in the Regional integration efforts in Europe - from the ¿evolutionary trajectory¿ of the European Coal and Steel Community to the ultimate Economic Union. However, the same cannot be said for West African efforts typified by ECOWAS, which was arguably mapped against the framework of its erstwhile metropolitan powers in Europe. Indeed the evolution of ECOWAS has been reflective of its domestic politics, entrenched nationalistic tendencies and outright political instability, which leave nothing to spill over. As the trade bloc savours its 36 year of existence, it seems that the transition from infancy to adolescence/ adulthood might have been checkered. Ultimately this book provides some comparative analysis of both trade blocs/ customs unions.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 68 pp. Englisch.