The New Statistical Analysis of Data - Tapa blanda

Sinopsis

I: Introduction.- 1-The Nature of Statistics.- 1.1 Some Examples of the Use of Statistics.- Political Polls.- The Polio Vaccine Trial.- Smoking and Health.- Project "Head Start".- "A Minority of One Versus a Unanimous Majority".- Deciding Authorship.- 1.2 Basic Concepts of Statistics.- Experimental and Nonexperimental Research.- Populations and Samples.- Descriptive and Inferential Statistics.- Planning Statistical Investigations.- Exercises.- II: Descriptive Statistics.- 2 - Organization of Data.- 2.1 Kinds of Variables: Scales.- Categorical Variables.- Numerical Variables.- Scales*.- 2.2 Organization of Categorical Data.- Frequencies.- Frequency Graphs.- 2.3 Organization of Numerical Data.- Discrete Data.- Continuous Data.- Frequency Distributions for Continuous Data.- Exercises.- 3 - Measures of Location.- 3.1 The Mode.- Definition and Interpretation of the Mode.- Mode of Grouped Data.- 3.2 The Median and Other Percentiles.- The Median.- Quartiles.- Deciles Percentiles and Other Quantiles.- 3.3 The Mean.- Definition and Interpretation of the Mean.- Use of Notation.- Calculating the Mean from a Frequency Distribution.- The Proportion as a Mean.- Other Properties of the Mean.- Effects of Change of Scale.- 3.4 Choosing Among Measures of Location Shape of Distributions.- Appendices.- Appendix 3A Computing the Median and Other Quantiles of Grouped Continuous Data.- Appendix 3B Rules for Summation.- Appendix 3C Change of Scale.- Appendix 3D Significant Digits.- Exercises.- 4 - Measures of Variability.- 4.1 Ranges.- The Range.- The Interquartile Range.- 4.2 The Mean Deviation*.- 4.3 The Standard Deviation.- Definitions.- Reasons for Dividing by One Less than the Sample Size.- Interpreting the Standard Deviation.- 4.4 Formulas for the Standard Deviation.- Computing Formula.- Calculating the Standard Deviation from a Frequency Distribution.- Effects of Change of Scale.- 4.5 Some Uses of Location and Dispersion Measures Together.- Standard Scores.- Box-and-Whisker Plots.- Appendices.- Appendix 4A Proofs of Some Algebraic Principles.- Appendix 4B Adjusting Data to Maintain Computational Accuracy.- Exercises.- 5 - Summarizing Multivariate Data: Association Between Numerical Scales.- 5.1 Association of Two Numerical Variables.- Scatter Plots.- Other Information Revealed by Scatter Plots.- The Correlation Coefficient.- Rank Correlation.- 5.2 More than Two Variables.- Profiles.- Correlation Matrix.- Appendices.- Appendix 5A Computational Form for the Covariance.- Appendix 5B Change of Scale.- Exercises.- 6 - Summarizing Multivariate Data: Association Between Categorical Variables.- 6.1 Two-by-Two Frequency Tables.- Organization of Data into Two-by-Two Tables.- Calculation of Percentages.- Interpretation of Frequencies.- 6.2 Larger Two-Way Frequency Tables.- Organization of Data for Two Categorical Variables.- Interpretation of Frequencies.- 6.3 Three Categorical Variables.- Organization of Data for Three Yes-No Variables.- Larger Three-Way Frequency Tables.- 6.4 Effects of a Third Variable.- Association and Interpretation.- Independence in Subtables.- Similar Association in Subtables.- Reversal of Association in Subtables.- Hidden Relationships.- Exercises.- III: Probability.- 7 - Basic Ideas of Probability.- 7.1 Intuitive Examples of Probability.- Physical Devices Which Approximate Randomness.- The Draft Lottery.- Probability and Everyday Life.- 7.2 Probability and Statistics.- 7.3 Probability in Terms of Equally Likely Cases.- 7.4 Events and Probabilities in General Terms.- Outcomes Events and Probabilities.- Addition of Probabilities of Mutually Exclusive Events.- Addition of Probabilities.- 7.5 Interpretation of Probability: Relation to Real Life.- 7.6 Conditional Probability.- 7.7 Independence.- 7.8 Random Sampling; Random Numbers.- Random Devices.- Random Numbers.- Sampling with Replacement.- Sampling without Replacement.- 7.9 Bayes' Theorem*.- Bayes' Theorem in a Simplified Case.- Examples 260 Use of Subjective Prior Probabilitie

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