Modern Physics, International Edition

1. RELATIVITY I. Special Relativity. The Principle of Relativity. The Michelson-Morley Experiment. Postulates of Special Relativity. Consequences of Special Relativity. The Lorentz Transformation. Spacetime and Causality. Summary. 2. RELATIVITY II. Relativistic Momentum and Relativistic Form of Newton's Laws. Relativistic Energy. Mass as a Measure of Energy. Conservation of Relativistic Momentum, Mass, and Energy. General Relativity. Summary. Web Essay 1: The Renaissance of General Relativity. 3. THE QUANTUM THEORY OF LIGHT. Hertz's Experiments-Light as an Electromagnetic Wave. Blackbody Radiation. The Rayleigh-Jeans Law and Planck's Law (Online). Light Quantization and the Photoelectric Effect. The Compton Effect and X-Rays. Particle-Wave Complementarity. Does Gravity Affect Light? (Optional). Summary. Web Appendix 1: Calculation of the Number of Modes of Waves in a Cavity. 4. THE PARTICLE NATURE OF MATTER. The Atomic Nature of Matter. The Composition of Atoms. The Bohr Atom. Bohr's Correspondence Principle, or Why is Angular Momentum Quantized? Direct Confirmation of Atomic Energy Levels: The Franck-Hertz Experiment. Summary. 5. MATTER WAVES. The Pilot Waves of de Broglie. The Davisson-Germer Experiment. TEM and SEM microscopes. Wave Groups and Dispersion. Fourier Integrals (Optional). The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. If Electrons Are Waves, What's Waving? The Wave-Particle Duality. A Final Note. Summary. 6. QUANTUM MECHANICS IN ONE DIMENSION. The Born Interpretation. Wavefunction for a Free Particle. Wavefunctions in the Presence of Forces. The Particle in a Box. CCD's. The Finite Square Well (Optional). The Quantum Oscillator. Expectation Values. Observables and Operators. Summary. 7. TUNNELING PHENOMENA. The Square Barrier. Barrier Penetration: Some Applications. Summary. Essay: The Scanning Tunneling Microscope. 8. QUANTUM MECHANICS IN THREE DIMENSIONS. Particle in a Three-Dimensional Box. Central Forces and Angular Momentum. Space Quantization. Quantization of Angular Momentum and Energy (Optional). Atomic Hydrogen and Hydrogen-like Ions. Summary. 9. ATOMIC STRUCTURE. Orbital Magnetism and the Normal Zeeman Effect. The Spinning Electron. The Spin-Orbit Interaction and Other Magnetic Effects. Exchange Symmetry and the Exclusion Principle. Electron Interactions and Screening Effects (Optional). The Periodic Table. X-Ray Spectra and Moseley's Law. Summary. 10. STATISTICAL PHYSICS. The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution. Quantum Statistics, Indistinguishability, and the Pauli Exclusion Principle. Applications of Bose-Einstein Statistics. An Application of Fermi-Dirac Statistics: The Free-Electron Gas Theory of Metals. Summary. Essay: Laser Manipulation of Atoms. 11. MOLECULAR STRUCTURE. Bonding Mechanisms: A Survey. Molecular Rotation and Vibration. Molecular Spectra. Electron Sharing and the Covalent Bond. Bonding in Complex Molecules (Optional). Summary. Web Appendix 2: Overlap Integrals of Atomic Wavefunctions. 12. THE SOLID STATE. Bonding in Solids. Classical Free-Electron Model of Metals. Quantum Theory of Metals. Band Theory of Solids. Semiconductor Devices. Lasers. Superconductivity. Summary. Web Essay 2: The Invention of the Laser. Web Essay 3: Photovoltaic Conversion. 13. NUCLEAR STRUCTURE. Some Properties of Nuclei. Binding Energy and Nuclear Forces. Nuclear Models. Radioactivity. Decay Processes. Natural Radioactivity. Summary. 14. NUCLEAR PHYSICS APPLICATIONS. Nuclear Reactions. Reaction Cross Section. Interactions Involving Neutrons. Nuclear Fission. Nuclear Reactors. Nuclear Fusion. Recent Fusion Energy Developments. Interaction of Particles with Matter. Radiation Damage in Matter. Radiation Detectors. Summary. 15. PARTICLE PHYSICS . The Fundamental Forces in Nature. Positrons and Other Antiparticles. Mesons and the Beginning of Particle Physics. Classification of Particles. Conservation Laws. Strange Particles and Strangeness. Neutrino Oscillations. How Are Elementary Particles Produced and Particle Properties Measured? The Eightfold Way. Quarks. Colored Quarks, or Quantum Chromodynamics. Electroweak Theory and the Standard Model. The Cosmic Connection. Problems and Perspectives. Summary. Essay: How to Find a Top Quark. 16. COSMOLOGY. The Discovery of the Expanding Universe. Observation of Radiation from the Big Bang. Spectrum Emitted by a Receding Blackbody. Prediction of Primordial Helium. Will the Universe Expand Forever? Critical Density and Missing Mass. Supersymmetry. The Inflationary Universe. Summary.

This text presents an introduction to relativity, quantum mechanics, and statistical physics as well as applications of these theories to molecular physics, condensed matter physics, nuclear physics, particle physics, and cosmology. Writing in a student-friendly and accessible manner, the authors strike the perfect balance, mixing relevant applications (many new to this edition) with the appropriate level of theory. A new Web-based simulation software package, QMTools, complements the text and provides modeling tools to help students visualize abstract concepts. Icons are provided throughout the text to highlight areas in which this software can enhance understanding.