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Won O. Song and Gary R. Beecher are the authors of Modern Analytical Methodologies in Fat- and Water-Soluble Vitamins, published by Wiley.

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Modern Analytical Methodologies in Fat- and Water-Soluble Vitamins

John Wiley & Sons

Contents

CONTRIBUTORS...........................................................................................................................................xvPREFACE................................................................................................................................................xviiCUMULATIVE LISTING OF VOLUMES IN SERIES................................................................................................................xixPART 1 FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINSCHAPTER 1 VITAMIN A Thomas Arnhold, Heinz Nau, and Ralph Ruehl........................................................................................31.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................31.2. Sample Collection, Handling, and Storage..........................................................................................................71.3. Sample Preparation................................................................................................................................81.4. Reference Standards...............................................................................................................................151.5. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography............................................................................................................161.6. Other Liquid Chromatographic Methods..............................................................................................................341.7. Gas Chromatography................................................................................................................................351.8. Capillary Electrophoresis.........................................................................................................................361.9. Bioassays.........................................................................................................................................39References.............................................................................................................................................39CHAPTER 2 VITAMIN D Michael F. Holick.................................................................................................................512.1. Origins of Vitamin [D.sub.2] and Vitamin [D.sub.3]................................................................................................512.2. Metabolism and Biologic Functions of Vitamin D....................................................................................................542.3. Measurement of Vitamin D Bioactivity..............................................................................................................552.4. Modern Methods for Determining the Vitamin D Content in Blood.....................................................................................552.5. Strategies for Determining Circulating Concentrations of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D......................................................................562.6. Strategies for Determining Circulating Concentrations of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D..................................................................662.7. Measurement of 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D and 25,26-Dihydroxyvitamin D..............................................................................732.8. Clinical Utility for Assays for Vitamin D and Its Metabolites.....................................................................................742.9. Conclusion........................................................................................................................................76References.............................................................................................................................................77CHAPTER 3 DETERMINATION OF TOCOPHEROLS AND TOCOTRIENOLS IN FOODS AND TISSUES Vieno I. Piironen.......................................................813.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................813.2. Vitamin E Compounds in Foods and Tissues..........................................................................................................823.3. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography............................................................................................................853.4. Gas Chromatography................................................................................................................................1123.5. Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Chromatography.................................................................................................1123.6. Determination of Stereoisomers....................................................................................................................1133.7. Future Development................................................................................................................................114References.............................................................................................................................................115CHAPTER 4 VITAMIN K Sarah L. Booth, Kenneth W. Davidson, James A. Sadowski, and Gregory G. Dolnikowski................................................1294.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................1294.2. Determination of Phylloquinone by HPLC............................................................................................................1334.3. Determination of Phylloquinone Metabolites and Hydrogenation Products.............................................................................1464.4. Determination of Menaquinones by HPLC.............................................................................................................1534.5. Other Indicators of Vitamin K Nutritional Status..................................................................................................1554.6. Summary...........................................................................................................................................158References.............................................................................................................................................160CHAPTER 5 SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS IN FOOD, FEED, AND SERUM Ronald R. Eitenmiller and W. O. Landen, Jr......................1715.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................1715.2. Simultaneous Analysis of Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Food and Feed....................................................................................1725.3. An Integrated Approach to Fat-Soluble Vitamin Analysis of Foods...................................................................................1935.4. Simultaneous Analysis of Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Serum or Plasma..................................................................................1955.5. Concluding Comments...............................................................................................................................215References.............................................................................................................................................215PART 2 WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINSCHAPTER 6 THIAMIN Ronald R. Eitenmiller and W. O. Landen, Jr..........................................................................................2256.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................2256.2. Properties........................................................................................................................................2266.3. Methodology.......................................................................................................................................2296.4. Conclusion........................................................................................................................................246References.............................................................................................................................................246CHAPTER 7 RIBOFLAVIN Ronald R. Eitenmiller and W. O. Landen, Jr.......................................................................................2537.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................2537.2. Properties........................................................................................................................................2547.3. Methodology.......................................................................................................................................2587.4. Concluding Comments...............................................................................................................................278References.............................................................................................................................................283CHAPTER 8 VITAMIN [B.sub.6] Stephen P. Coburn.........................................................................................................2918.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................2918.2. Processing of Standards and Samples...............................................................................................................2918.3. Fluorometric Methods..............................................................................................................................2948.4. Enzymatic Methods.................................................................................................................................2958.5. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry..............................................................................................................2958.6. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography............................................................................................................2968.7. Electrophoresis...................................................................................................................................2998.8. Microbiological Assay.............................................................................................................................2998.9. Immunoassay.......................................................................................................................................3018.10. 4-Pyridoxic Acid.................................................................................................................................3018.11. Other Metabolites................................................................................................................................3018.12. Assessment of Vitamin B6 Status..................................................................................................................3028.13. Conclusions......................................................................................................................................304References.............................................................................................................................................305CHAPTER 9 VITAMIN [B.sub.12] Edward V. Quadros........................................................................................................3139.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................3139.2. Cobalamin Binding Proteins........................................................................................................................3159.3. Materials.........................................................................................................................................3169.4. Preparation of Binding Proteins...................................................................................................................3179.5. Standardization of Binding Proteins...............................................................................................................3199.6. Extraction of Cbl from Serum or Plasma............................................................................................................3209.7. Extraction of Cbl from Cells or Tissues...........................................................................................................3209.8. Assay Protocol....................................................................................................................................3219.9. General Comments on Assay Protocol................................................................................................................3229.10. Interpretation of Results........................................................................................................................323References.............................................................................................................................................325CHAPTER 10 NIACIN Shunitz Tanaka.....................................................................................................................32910.1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................................32910.2. General Methods..................................................................................................................................33110.3. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography...........................................................................................................33210.4. Capillary Electrophoresis........................................................................................................................33810.5. Improvement of Chemical and Biological Methods...................................................................................................34110.6. Electrochemical Detection........................................................................................................................343References.............................................................................................................................................346CHAPTER 11 PANTOTHENATE Won O. Song, Carl T. Wittwer, and Bonita W. Wyse..............................................................................35111.1. Biological Importance............................................................................................................................35111.2. Derivatives and Salts of Pantothenic Acid........................................................................................................35911.3. Analytical Methods for Pantothenic Acid..........................................................................................................36511.4. Analytical Methods for Measuring CoA and Intermediates...........................................................................................378References.............................................................................................................................................383CHAPTER 12 BIOTIN Janos Zempleni and Donald M. Mock...................................................................................................38912.1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................................38912.2. Microbiological Assays...........................................................................................................................39212.3. Avidin-Binding Assays............................................................................................................................39312.4. Microbial Versus Avidin-Binding Assays...........................................................................................................39512.5. Chromatographic Procedures.......................................................................................................................39612.6. Radioisotopes of Biotin..........................................................................................................................39712.7. Analysis of Biotin-Dependent Carboxylases........................................................................................................39712.8. Biotin Metabolites in Biological Fluids..........................................................................................................39912.9. Biotin Metabolites in Food.......................................................................................................................400References.............................................................................................................................................402CHAPTER 13 VITAMIN C Steven C. Rumsey and Mark Levine.................................................................................................41113.1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................................41113.2. Stability, Sensitivity, and Substance Interference...............................................................................................41513.3. Colorimetric / Spectrometric Assays..............................................................................................................41713.4. Fluorometric Assays..............................................................................................................................41913.5. GasLiquid Chromatography........................................................................................................................42013.6. Enzymatic Assays.................................................................................................................................42113.7. Capillary Zone Electrophoresis...................................................................................................................42213.8. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography...........................................................................................................42213.9. Assays of Semidehydroascorbic Acid...............................................................................................................43013.10. Flow Injection Assay............................................................................................................................43013.11. In Vivo Assays..................................................................................................................................43113.12. Assay Comparisons...............................................................................................................................43213.13. Summary and Conclusions.........................................................................................................................433References.............................................................................................................................................434INDEX..................................................................................................................................................447

Preface

This volume is designed primarily for those who have a familiarity with the different sample preparation and chromatographic techniques. However, each author has provided useful information for a beginner in this field.

This work could not have been presented without the hard work and cooperation of the various authors. We are grateful for their efforts and patience.

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