Invitation to Critical Thinking - Tapa blanda

Unit I: THE BASICS. 1. Critical Thinking. The Importance of Critical Thinking. What Is Critical Thinking? Obstacles to Critical Thinking. Looking Ahead: Issues and Disputes. Glossary. Additional Exercises. 2. Language. What Is Language? Functions of Language. Meaning in Language. Definitions. Glossary. Additional Exercises. Unit II: ARGUMENT. 3. Argument. Argument Identification. Argument Analysis. Glossary. Additional Exercises. 4. Argument Analysis I: Representing Argument Structure. The Goal of Argument Analysis. Elementary Procedures. Intermediate Challenges. Glossary. Additional Exercises. 5. Argument Analysis Ii: Paraphrasing Arguments. Paraphrasing. Advanced Applications. Additional Exercises. Unit III: DEDUCTIVE REASONING. 6. Evaluating Deductive Arguments I: Categorical Logic. Deductive and Inductive Reasoning. Argument Form. Categorical Logic. Glossary. Additional Exercises. 7. Evaluating Deductive Arguments Ii: Truth Functional Logic. Truth Functional Analysis of Logical Operators. Argument Forms. Testing for Validity with Truth Tables. Glossary. Additional Exercises. Unit IV: INDUCTIVE REASONING. 8. Evaluating Inductive Arguments I: Generalization and Analogy. Assessing Inductive Strength. Reasoning by Analogy. Glossary. Exercises. 9. Evaluating Inductive Arguments Ii: Hypothetical Reasoning and Burden of Proof. Presumption and the "Burden of Proof". Reasoning Hypothetically. Causal Reasoning. Glossary. Additional Exercises. Unit V: EVALUATING WHOLE ARGUMENTS. 10. Evaluating Premises: Self-Evidence, Consistency, Indirect Proof. Necessary Truths. Contingent Claims. Beyond "Self-Evidence". Glossary. Additional Exercises. 11. Informal Fallacies I: Assumptions, Language, Relevance, Authority. Fallacious Assumptions. Fallacies of Language. Fallacies of Relevance. Fallacious Appeals to Authority. Glossary. Additional Exercises. 12. Informal Fallacies Ii: Inductive Reasoning. Polling, Probability and Statistics. Analogy and Burden of Proof. Causality. A Final Word of Caution. Glossary. Additional Exercises. 13. Making Your Case: Argumentative Composition. The Issue Statement. Research and the Media. The Thesis Statement. Argument Design. The Presentation. Glossary. Additional Exercises.

INVITATION TO CRITICAL THINKING teaches you how to recognize, analyze, evaluate, and compose arguments that can be used as tools of rational persuasion. Fostering discussions of critical thinking and its application in mass media, effective writing, and problem solving, this book will introduce you to a wide variety of strategies for identifying and analyzing arguments in the world around you. In addition, the robust companion website offers an array of online tools that offer an unprecedented variety of interactive exercises that will not only help you remember important concepts, but apply them as well.